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Elyssa Sandoval Period. 2 Digestive and Urinary System - Coggle…
Elyssa Sandoval Period. 2
Digestive and Urinary System
Major functions of the digestive system
Ingestion: The intake of food.
Secretion: Release of digestive juices and enzymes.
Mixing and Movement: Churning and propulsion of food.
Digestion: Breaking down food into smaller, absorbable components.
Absorption: Uptake of nutrients into the blood or lymph.
Excretion: Elimination of indigestible substances.
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys: filter blood to remove wastes and produce urine.
Ureters: transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Bladder: stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.
Urethra: carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Amylase: breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugar molecules.
Maltase: breaks the sugar maltose into glucose.
Lactase: breaks lactose, the sugar in milk, into glucose and galactose.
Lipase: breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol and is therefore vital for fat metabolism.
Proteases: speed up the breakdown of proteins into amino acids.
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrates: Begin to break down in the mouth by salivary amylase. Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine.
Proteins: Start to be digested in the stomach by pepsin, and then further broken down by pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.
Fats: Mainly digested in the small intestine with the help of bile and lipase enzymes. The absorption of fatty acids and glycerol also occurs in the small intestine.
Nucleic Acids: Digested into nucleotides by pancreatic nucleases in the small intestine, where they are also absorbed.
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa: The innermost layer that comes into direct contact with digested food.
Submucosa: A layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
Muscularis (Muscularis propria): Consists of smooth muscle layers that help with peristalsis.
Serosa/Adventitia: The outermost layer, which is either a serous membrane or connective tissue depending on the tract’s location.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephron: Basic structural and functional unit of the kidneys that regulates water and soluble substances in the blood by filtering the blood and forming urine.
Major organs of the digestive system
Pancreas: This digestive juice producer secretes enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine.
Anus: The anus is the fecal elimination canal. It expels solid waste.
Large Intestine (Colon): This waste processing segment absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food.
Small Intestine: The small intestine is the nutrient absorption site.
Stomach: The stomach churns and mixes food with gastric juices.
Esophagus: This food transport tube connects the mouth to the stomach.
Mouth: Your mouth is where digestion kicks off.
Liver: It produces bile, which helps emulsify fats, and also regulates blood composition.
Gallbladder: A bile storage container, the gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine to aid fat digestion.
Major functions of the urinary system
Storing and carrying pee out of your body
Separating toxins from nutrients
Filtering blood
Removing waste products from the body
Maintaining water, electrolyte and pH balance in the blood
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Celiac disease
Gallstones
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis