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What are the major causes behind the rise of populist right nationalism in…

- - - - This shift back to materilism has been driven by two sections of society: the older generations and thoses who were less economically secure (Inglehart and Norris, 2017, p444), both of who wished to return to more familar cultural ground of tradational materilist values.
        
        Among economically disavnataged voters who tradiationally voted for left wing parties they have begun to turn away from these parties as more educated, liberal voters with post-materilists values have become more powerful within these parties (Joppke, 2023, p10).
        
        The economic decay has been important in moving many voters back from post-materilaist to materialist values, but has not been the only factor that has driven support for materialist values.
        
        Post materialism has an ideological view less focused on economic prosperity/survial and more on cultural issues (Inglehart and Norris, 2017, p447).
        
        The decline of economic security in the West has concied with a rise in the PRN (Inglehart and Norris, 2017, p447).
        
        In many areas there has been a reduction in the access to the middle class dream of homeownership and university education due to contuined economic stagnation increasing pressure on the middle class (Joppke, 2023, p7).
      - The process of globalistion has created a new social cleavage in society between internationalists and nationalist (Joppke, 2023, p4).
        
        Globalistion has helped created a stronger sense of haves and have nots with growing gap between the middle and the top and a shrinking gap between the middle and the bottom (Joppke, 2023, p8).
        
        This has occured while globalistion has increased migration Inglehart and Norris, 2017, p447) and this has helped create an outside target for economic discotent to colases into a cultural backlash (Joppke, 2023, p12).
      - These have all led to the rise of the PRN as the left which has traditionally recied the votes from these groups has remained a post materilist movement.
  - - - The rise of the FN has been helped by economic stagnation in France with record unemployment (Mondon, 2014, p302) and a trade defcit crisis (Shields, 2013, p181).
        
        Le Pen and FN were able to use this discontent about the econmy to promote economic materilism/nationalism with a focus on buying French and support for French small businesses (Shields, 2013, p181).
        
        However, polling shows that although many of Le Pen's voters were from economically disadvatged groups economics was not an important voting matter for them and instead it was immigration and law and order that was important (Shields, 2013, p187).
        
        This follows the general trend that was laid out in my first paragraph with economic materialism leading to a support in tradional values and a broader rejection of post materialist values.
    - - Throughout both the campaign and the presidency of Sarkozy there was a pivot right with Sarkozy suggesting the impportance of Christian holidays as part of France's secular history (a comment widely accepted as an attack on Islam) (Mondon, 2014, p309).
        
        In many ways Sarkkozy blured the lines between the centre-right and the PRN (Shields, 2013, p192) making the FN appear a more acceptable option through his shifting of the overton windown right.
  - - - However, the rise of Tump does seem to buck the theory with many Trump voters seemingly skipping the economic discotent and arriving at materialists values any way. This can be presented by the fact that Trump was most successful in the wealisht sections of society (Parker et al, 2019, p116).
        
        Trump voters had a strong sense ofcultural loss with many of the voters suffering of cultural anxiety and a fear that the American dream was moving away from American and to an other (Parker et al, 2019, p114).
        
        There was also a strong sense of fear with PRN voters whop had supported the Tea Party Movement in the years before Trump, with many of the movements supporters fearing that America was loosing its place as the domient world power (Haltinner, 2019, pp134-136).
        
        What is ebing felt by many Trump voters is a loss of American exptionalism (Haltinner, 2019, pp134-136) creating a sense of cultural anxiety around the future of the country.
- - - - Overall, stagnation in the west has created an increased sense of economic fear that has been translated into materilist cultural values supporting a return to more comfortable, tradiational values.