Digestive & Urinary Systems

Major Functions of Urinary

Major Functions of Digestive

Disorder of Digestive & Urinary Systems

Digestive Enzymes

Major Organs of Digestive

Major Organs of Urinary

Nephron Antomoty & Physiology

Layers of GI Tract (including Stomach)

Mechanical and Chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients

Gallbladder

Filters water and salts from blood, helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water, regulates pH and body fluid volume, and helps control RBC production and blood pressure

Urethra

Pancreas

Liver

Mouth

Alimentary Canal (digestive tract from mouth to anus)

Salivary Glands

Pharynx / Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Rectum

Anus

Swallowing mechanism

First stage(voluntary): food is chewed and mixed with saliva, forming bolus

Second Stage(involuntary): triggers swallowing reflex

Third Stage: peristaltic transports food from esophagus to stomach

Receives food from esophagus, mixes food w/ digestive juices, begins digestion of proteins, limited absorption of nutrients, propels food to the small intestine

Divided into the Cardia(c), Fundus, Body Region, Pylorus (Pylorus canal & sphincter)

exocrine function is to produce pancreatic juice that aids digestion, contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, facts, proteins, and nucleic acids

Secrete Saliva, moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, aids in tasting, helps cleanse the mouth, begins carbohydrate digestion

Receives food, begins mechanical digestion by chewing

Stores Bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile

Responsible for metabolism activities such as for carbohydrates, lipids, and protiens

Maintains proper blood concentrations of glucose and other nutrients

Stores glycogen, Vitamins A, D, B(12), and Iron

Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol

Filters blood, removing damaged RBCs and foreign substances

Receives chyme(stomach), pancreatic juice(pancreas), and bile(liver and gallbladder)

Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in chyme, absorbs digestive end products, and transports the remaining residue to the large intestine

Consists of Duodenum(proximal), Jejunum, and Iluem(distal)

Doesn't digest or absorb nutrients, absorbs electrolytes and water, mucus is secreted and helps pass remaining chyme along the large intestine

Consists(in order from beginning) of Cecum, Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal

A straight section of the large intestine, lies next to the sacrum

Opens to the outside as the anus; guarded by an involuntary internal anal sphincter and a voluntary external anal sphincter

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Kidney

Regulate the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids, removes metabolic wastes from the blooding forming urine, and helps control RBC formation

Muscular tube that conveys urine from the Kidneys to the Urinary Bladder

Transports urine the Urinary Bladder to the outside of the body, and contains Internal- (smooth muscle) and External Urethral Sphincter (skeletal muscle)

Stores urine, and excretes it through the urethra

Intestinal Lipase (intestinal mucosal cells)

Enterokinase (intestinal mucosal cells)

Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase (intestinal mucosal cells)

Peptidase (intestinal mucosal cells)

Proteolytic Enzymes (pancreas) -(a) Trypsin, -(b) Chymotrypsin, -(c) Carboxypeptidase

Nuclease (pancreas)

Pancreatic Lipase (pancreas)

Pancreatic Amylase (pancreas)

Pepsin (gastric chief cells)

Salivary Amylase (salivary glands)

begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides

begins protein digestion

breaks down starch to disaccharides

breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

breaks down proteins or partially digested proteins and peptides

break down nucleic acids into nucleotides

breaks down peptides into amino acids

breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides

breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

converts trypsinogen into trypsin

functional unit of kidney, about one million nephrons per kidney, and contains Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubule

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Tubule

filtration structure in Renal Cortex, performs the first step of urine formation, consists of clusters of capillaries, the Glomerulus, and a Glomerular Capsule that receives filtrate

consists of Glomerular capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Nephron Loop (descending and ascending limbs), Distal convoluted, and Collecting Duct

Mouth - Esophagus - Stomach - Small Intestine - Large Intestine - Anus

Layers throughout the Alimentary Canal

Submucosa

Muscularis

Mucosa

Serosa

inner layer, surrounds the lumen of the tube, consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth muscle, protects tissue of the canal, and carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients

lies under mucosa, consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and glands, nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal, and vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs

consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle; inner circular and outer longitudinal layer, and propels food through the canal

outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum, and protects underlying tissues, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organs