Digestive & Urinary Systems
Major Functions of Urinary
Major Functions of Digestive
Disorder of Digestive & Urinary Systems
Digestive Enzymes
Major Organs of Digestive
Major Organs of Urinary
Nephron Antomoty & Physiology
Layers of GI Tract (including Stomach)
Mechanical and Chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
Gallbladder
Filters water and salts from blood, helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water, regulates pH and body fluid volume, and helps control RBC production and blood pressure
Urethra
Pancreas
Liver
Mouth
Alimentary Canal (digestive tract from mouth to anus)
Salivary Glands
Pharynx / Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Swallowing mechanism
First stage(voluntary): food is chewed and mixed with saliva, forming bolus
Second Stage(involuntary): triggers swallowing reflex
Third Stage: peristaltic transports food from esophagus to stomach
Receives food from esophagus, mixes food w/ digestive juices, begins digestion of proteins, limited absorption of nutrients, propels food to the small intestine
Divided into the Cardia(c), Fundus, Body Region, Pylorus (Pylorus canal & sphincter)
exocrine function is to produce pancreatic juice that aids digestion, contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, facts, proteins, and nucleic acids
Secrete Saliva, moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, aids in tasting, helps cleanse the mouth, begins carbohydrate digestion
Receives food, begins mechanical digestion by chewing
Stores Bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile
Responsible for metabolism activities such as for carbohydrates, lipids, and protiens
Maintains proper blood concentrations of glucose and other nutrients
Stores glycogen, Vitamins A, D, B(12), and Iron
Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Filters blood, removing damaged RBCs and foreign substances
Receives chyme(stomach), pancreatic juice(pancreas), and bile(liver and gallbladder)
Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in chyme, absorbs digestive end products, and transports the remaining residue to the large intestine
Consists of Duodenum(proximal), Jejunum, and Iluem(distal)
Doesn't digest or absorb nutrients, absorbs electrolytes and water, mucus is secreted and helps pass remaining chyme along the large intestine
Consists(in order from beginning) of Cecum, Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal
A straight section of the large intestine, lies next to the sacrum
Opens to the outside as the anus; guarded by an involuntary internal anal sphincter and a voluntary external anal sphincter
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Kidney
Regulate the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids, removes metabolic wastes from the blooding forming urine, and helps control RBC formation
Muscular tube that conveys urine from the Kidneys to the Urinary Bladder
Transports urine the Urinary Bladder to the outside of the body, and contains Internal- (smooth muscle) and External Urethral Sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Stores urine, and excretes it through the urethra
Intestinal Lipase (intestinal mucosal cells)
Enterokinase (intestinal mucosal cells)
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase (intestinal mucosal cells)
Peptidase (intestinal mucosal cells)
Proteolytic Enzymes (pancreas) -(a) Trypsin, -(b) Chymotrypsin, -(c) Carboxypeptidase
Nuclease (pancreas)
Pancreatic Lipase (pancreas)
Pancreatic Amylase (pancreas)
Pepsin (gastric chief cells)
Salivary Amylase (salivary glands)
begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
begins protein digestion
breaks down starch to disaccharides
breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
breaks down proteins or partially digested proteins and peptides
break down nucleic acids into nucleotides
breaks down peptides into amino acids
breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
converts trypsinogen into trypsin
functional unit of kidney, about one million nephrons per kidney, and contains Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubule
Renal Corpuscle
Renal Tubule
filtration structure in Renal Cortex, performs the first step of urine formation, consists of clusters of capillaries, the Glomerulus, and a Glomerular Capsule that receives filtrate
consists of Glomerular capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Nephron Loop (descending and ascending limbs), Distal convoluted, and Collecting Duct
Mouth - Esophagus - Stomach - Small Intestine - Large Intestine - Anus
Layers throughout the Alimentary Canal
Submucosa
Muscularis
Mucosa
Serosa
inner layer, surrounds the lumen of the tube, consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth muscle, protects tissue of the canal, and carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
lies under mucosa, consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and glands, nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal, and vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle; inner circular and outer longitudinal layer, and propels food through the canal
outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum, and protects underlying tissues, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organs