010 3.0
Indirect rule
Environmental history
Mass nationalism
Empires of Religion
Decolonisation development and deliverance
Use of Violence
Big Kingdoms
Small Kingdoms
Made rule possible
Forced concessions to be made
Ensured co-operation
Repress Rebellion
Sokoto Caliphate - by virtue of their military defeat
Princely states
Extraterritoriality
Buganda
Princely States
Warrant Chief system in Nigeria
Bussa Rebellion 1913- following imposition of hereditary heir deemed not fit to rule.
Adubi war 1919
Jaminwalla Bagh 1919
Smash and grab done on the cheap
Portugueuse merhcnats in Angola
Leopold and the Congo
Sokoto Caliphate
Lugard to Boko haram
Not actually indirect- african assistants but not the de-facto ruler of his people.
Removed the zakat form of government and brought judicial changes that made it too expensive for the layman to afford.
The Residency System
extraterritoriality
told to be cautious to intervene
Able to arbitrate succession.
River and Creek Ordinances
Direct or indirect rule
Southern India and the Nawab of Carnatic - not the feasible chief.
Tanzania
germany and the rinderpest: Mwatwa and Mirambo
Search for chiefs who were educated and impressionable- Kaggwa
Zamindars- tax on huts and
Theories of rule
Differences betwen India and Africa
Stateness
Necropolitics
hegemony on a shoestring
Arterial vs capillary power
People
Size and time
Africa no one above level of minor clerk by 1950
India nearly 50% of imperial office was INdian by 1947
8000 government compared to a million in India - India had local headmen, doing bureacracy, then provincial chiefs, then district men etc.
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Africa
India
Material
Spiritual
Africanisation
Education
Healthcare
King of Mutesa
Yoruba women
Customs and rights
Bakongo movement banned the killing of twins, trial by poison and various other atrocities.
Women in Shona grouos in Zimbabwe and their rights
Kikuyu labour migrants
Inidividualistic and self-improvement based.
Led to Africanisation
Spirit Mediums seen as angels such as Gabriel
Isaac extended his polygamous practises by pointing to. the practises of Abraham in the bible
Jonah and the Swallowing Fish adopted to local folklore
South African Imbabi praise poetry (used to praise the king) now praises god
Ability to call upon Jesus (tanzanian pastor claimed that 'be yesus sim') to remove spirits with the incorporation of cosmological beleifs into existing practice.
Reformulations of Hinduism
Division and exclusion
Religion as an uncolonised space
Brahmo Samaj and Rammohan Roy- towards science, uniform hinduism and inclusion of christian ideals towards a more modern society. Claims that moving away from traditional beleif is
Arya Samaj
Maintenance despite western education being helpful
Dharma Sabha - formed out of anger at sati.
Widow Remarraige Act
Mohemeddan Muslims
Censures
Bureacracy and categorisation
Sati
Africa
India
Gandhi
Satyagraha and Ahimsa (non-violent protest)
Successes during the Salt March in 1930, 8.2% of colonial income
Ability to give the British an impression of Pan-Indian consciousness
Ability to speak vernacular languages and not having a core background
Appeal to the masses
Symbolisation
Champaran Satyagraha where indigo workers saw the Champaran Agrarian Bill with material improvement in working arrangements such as the imposition of 9 hour working days.
Khadi
The Loom
Gandhi himself- hunger strikes
International attention
Us put pressure on UK.
Non-cooperation
Moral highground
Advocated for women's rights
'Sita is no slave of Rama'
banning of alcohol and move to ascetism
Widespread: Guinea and Sekou Touré
Election: Ghana and Nkrumah
Violence: Mozambique, Angola and Congo
Racism: Apartheid South Africa
Focus on inclusive nationalism
Focus on trade union workers.
Forgotten from the Coussey committe and then put in prison- still won 37% of the vote and was therefore put back in government .
3/4 pop muslim
common enemy of french
intellectuals and the masses united
RDA appealed against the inclusion into the french federal empire
Senghor and Negritude.
Universalism of the french.
Kaggwa and Uganda
India
Africa
India
Waterways
Economic extraction
idelogical differences
How ideology has further dfestroyed the environment
Economic extraction
Linked cities together and enabled a more interconnected economy.
Nehruvian policy
Derivative nationalism
Division and partition
Pentecostalism
120,000km of canals
Dams - Nehru
5.8% return on £25 million investment
Changing of farming practisces.
Extraction: Tanganika groundnut project, Nile dam project in kenya, ngeghru swampland. Kikuya rift valley land disputes.
Ideology: terra nullis vs community land. Tanzania sacred forests, indirect rule and chiefs installing the Water Consedrvation rules. Ujumma socialism.
Fortress conservation. Batwu pygmies and Avinsa. game hunting
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