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Human Systems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - • Stimulating or inhibiting cell activity: Hormones can turn on or turn off genes, which can lead to changes in cell function.
      - • Altering cell metabolism: Hormones can affect the rate at which cells burn calories and convert food into energy.
      - • Promoting or inhibiting cell growth and division: Hormones can control the growth and division of cells.
- - - - • Somatic nervous system: The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, such as walking, talking, and writing.
      - • Autonomic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions, such as breathing, digestion, and heart rate.
- - - - • Epicardium: The outermost layer, which is a thin membrane that covers the heart.
      - • Myocardium: The middle layer, which is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. The myocardium is responsible for pumping blood.
      - • Endocardium: The innermost layer, which lines the heart chambers and valves.
    - - The heart pumps blood through the body in a continuous cycle. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium, then flows into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen. The oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the left atrium and then flows into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood out to the body through the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
    - - The heart itself receives oxygenated blood from the coronary arteries, which branch off from the aorta. The coronary arteries encircle the heart and supply blood to the heart muscle.
- - - - o Testes (Males): Produce sperm
        o Ovaries (Females): Produce eggs
    - - o Fallopian Tubes (Females): Transport eggs from ovaries to uterus
        o Vas Deferens (Males): Transport sperm from testes to penis
  - - - • Testes
      - • Epididymis
      - • Vas Deferens
      - • Seminal Vesicles
      - • Prostate Gland
      - • Urethra
      - • Penis
    - - • Ovaries
      - • Fallopian Tubes
      - • Uterus
      - • Cervix
      - • Vagina
      - • Vulva
      - • Mammary Glands
- - - - • Skeletal Muscle:
        
        o Attached to bones
        
        o Voluntary control (consciously controlled)
        
        o Responsible for body movement and locomotion
      - • Smooth Muscle:
        
        o Found in internal organs (e.g., stomach, blood vessels)
        
        o Involuntary control (not consciously controlled)
        
        o Regulates organ function (e.g., digestion, blood flow)
      - • Cardiac Muscle:
        
        o Found only in the heart
        
        o Involuntary control
        
        o Pumps blood throughout the body
- - - - • White Blood Cells: Specialized cells that fight infection, including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils.
      - • Antibodies: Proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to and neutralize pathogens.
      - • Organs and Tissues: Bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils are involved in immune system function.
    - - • Pathogen Recognition: The immune system recognizes foreign invaders through specific receptors on immune cells.
      - • Immune Response: Once a pathogen is recognized, the immune system mounts an immune response to destroy it. This involves the activation of white blood cells, antibody production, and inflammation.
      - • Memory: The immune system remembers past infections and can mount a faster and stronger response to future encounters with the same pathogen.
    - - • Neutrophils: Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy bacteria.
      - • Macrophages: Large phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens and cellular debris.
      - • Lymphocytes: Cells that produce antibodies and mediate adaptive immunity.
      - • T Cells: Recognize and destroy infected cells.
      - • B Cells: Produce antibodies that bind to and neutralize pathogens.
    - - The immune system is essential for protecting the body from infections and diseases. It helps prevent illness, promotes healing, and maintains overall health and well-being. Understanding the immune system can help improve immune function, prevent infections, and manage immune-related disorders.
- - - - • Kidneys: Bean-shaped organs that filter waste products from the blood.
      - • Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
      - • Bladder: A muscular sac that stores urine.
      - • Urethra: A tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
    - - • Waste Filtration: The kidneys filter waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess ions, from the blood.
      - • Urine Production: The filtered waste products are combined with water to form urine.
      - • Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: The kidneys regulate the body's fluid and electrolyte levels by selectively reabsorbing or excreting water and ions.
      - • Hormone Production: The kidneys produce hormones such as erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production, and renin, which regulates blood pressure.
    - - Each kidney contains millions of tiny filtering units called nephrons. Nephrons consist of a glomerulus (a network of capillaries) and a renal tubule. Blood is filtered through the glomerulus, and waste products are reabsorbed or excreted as the filtrate passes through the renal tubule.
    - - Glomerular Filtration: Blood is filtered through the glomerulus, removing waste products, water, and ions
      - Tubular Reabsorption: Essential substances, such as glucose, amino acids, and water, are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream from the renal tubules.
      - Tubular Secretion: Some waste products, such as hydrogen ions and potassium ions, are actively secreted into the renal tubules from the bloodstream.
    - - The urinary system is vital for maintaining the body's internal environment and overall health. It removes waste products, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, and produces hormones that support other bodily functions. Understanding the urinary system can help prevent and manage urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and other health conditions.