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Insomnia
Benzodiazepine
Triazolam
Short-acting; enhances GABA activity
Temazepam
Enhances GABA activity; used at bedtime
Non-benzodiazepine (Z-drug)
Zolpidem
Enhances GABA activity; used at bedtime
Zaleplon
Short-acting; used at bedtime
Eszopiclone
Enhances GABA activity; used at bedtime
Melatonin agonist
Ramelteon
Used at bedtime to decrease sleep latency
Orexin receptor antagonist
Suvorexant
May take 7-10 days to be effective
Lemborexant
Used at bedtime
Daridorexant
Used at bedtime
H-1 receptor antagonist
Diphenhydramine
Anticholinergic side effects
Tricyclic antidepressant
Doxepin
Low dose acts as an H-1 receptor antagonist
Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor
Trazodone
Also used for depression; can cause sedation
Anticonvulsant
Gabapentin
Used for its sedative properties
Antipsychotic
Quetiapine
Low doses used for sedative effects; high risk/benefit ratio
Narcolepsy, Hypersomnolence, Shift work disorder
Psychostimulant
Modafinil
DAT inhibitor; reduces excessive daytime sleepiness
Armodafinil
Similar to Modafinil with slightly different pharmacokinetics
CNS depressant
Sodium Oxybate
Used for cataplexy and daytime fatigue; high abuse potential
Parasomnias
α1 antagonist
Prazosin
Used to reduce symptoms of PTSD-related nightmares
Anticonvulsant
Topiramate
Used for control of nightmares
α2 agonist
Clonidine
Used to control nightmares
Benzodiazepine
Clonazepam
Used for its sedative and muscle relaxant properties
Restless Legs Syndrome
Dopamine agonist
Ropinirole
First-line treatment for RLS
Pramipexole
Another first-line treatment for RLS
Bromocriptine
Alternative treatment option
Opioid agonist
Methadone
Second-line treatment for severe cases
Muscle relaxant
Baclofen
Used as an alternative treatment