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Insomnia

Benzodiazepine

Triazolam

Short-acting; enhances GABA activity

Temazepam

Enhances GABA activity; used at bedtime

Non-benzodiazepine (Z-drug)

Zolpidem

Enhances GABA activity; used at bedtime

Zaleplon

Short-acting; used at bedtime

Eszopiclone

Enhances GABA activity; used at bedtime

Melatonin agonist

Ramelteon

Used at bedtime to decrease sleep latency

Orexin receptor antagonist

Suvorexant

May take 7-10 days to be effective

Lemborexant

Used at bedtime

Daridorexant

Used at bedtime

H-1 receptor antagonist

Diphenhydramine

Anticholinergic side effects

Tricyclic antidepressant

Doxepin

Low dose acts as an H-1 receptor antagonist

Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor

Trazodone

Also used for depression; can cause sedation

Anticonvulsant

Gabapentin

Used for its sedative properties

Antipsychotic

Quetiapine

Low doses used for sedative effects; high risk/benefit ratio

Narcolepsy, Hypersomnolence, Shift work disorder

Psychostimulant

Modafinil

DAT inhibitor; reduces excessive daytime sleepiness

Armodafinil

Similar to Modafinil with slightly different pharmacokinetics

CNS depressant

Sodium Oxybate

Used for cataplexy and daytime fatigue; high abuse potential

Parasomnias

α1 antagonist

Prazosin

Used to reduce symptoms of PTSD-related nightmares

Anticonvulsant

Topiramate

Used for control of nightmares

α2 agonist

Clonidine

Used to control nightmares

Benzodiazepine

Clonazepam

Used for its sedative and muscle relaxant properties

Restless Legs Syndrome

Dopamine agonist

Ropinirole

First-line treatment for RLS

Pramipexole

Another first-line treatment for RLS

Bromocriptine

Alternative treatment option

Opioid agonist

Methadone

Second-line treatment for severe cases

Muscle relaxant

Baclofen

Used as an alternative treatment