The diversity of viruses and how evolution is applied to them is key to understanding vaccine failure, virulence, drug resistance and disease emergence. There are five challenges to managing these processes. These include anticipating viral evolution, developing improved experimental evolution systems, integrating viral dynamics at various scales, characterizing and understanding the virosphere, and better understanding the reactions of viruses to other viruses. Tackling these challenges can help us to better understand how viruses operate and how to deal with them. (Sanjuan et al. 2021)