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O10 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Residency
        
        Extraterritoriality meant exemption from the law
        
        Permanent monitoring of the de-facto ruler
        
        told to interfere cautiously so that the leader would not lose face with his people and therefore jeopardise the position of the british.
  - - - Direct or Indirtect rule?
      - Imposition of chiefs who would often be symaptehtic to the British.
        
        often had personal desires of their own
      - Difficult to find legitimate leaders and agree who was who
      - Roads and Creeks ordinance of 1903 enabled autonomy and who was able to do what- often picked and choosed which policies they wanted to implement in accordance with what rbough them personal gain. terracing systems sometimes brought in
    - - Pre-established states enabled easy British indirect rule as they could enable the Caliphate to exercise muslim law and remain autonomous.
    - - Struggle to find legiitmate chiefs following the German invasion and rinderpest.
      - areas of perpetual conquest
      - Mirambo or Mkakwa
      - Imposition of agricultrual policies in the 30's and 50s saw local individuals lose both faith and trust in their local leaders.
  - - - One british official per 45,000
      - 25 officials in Sudan for state double the size of texas.
      - 'thin white line'
  - - - Princely states threatened with violence if uprisings occurred.
        
        Jamiwala bagh massacre 1919.
        
        Military might of the British is what enabled the allinaces with princely states to occur- they would have control of their foreign correspondence in exchange for ensured protection of the kingdom and autonomous rule.
        
        Bussa Rebellion 1915 not happy for the British hereditary heir as they did not think he was fit for rule. British did not care and annihilated the force of 600 men.
        
        Adubi Rebellion over raised taxation in 1918 - 70 chiefs arrested and 600 killed.
      - Sokoto caliphate could not match the machine gun fire of the British.
      - Emirs in Northern Nigeria held hostage by the British
        
        Sultan was not de-facto ruler of the people- rule was only indirect because british had african assistants rather than some degree of african autonomy
    - - The weaker the state, the more violent it could be.
      - Short term portuguese farmers looting and raiding villages to gain cash quickly.
    - - King Leopold and the Congo- forced labour and the cutting off of hands. Described as 'living hell'
  - - - India had millions of govenrment workers and was therefore able to be far more direct. 2/3 of india was seen as largely direct rule.
        
        Africa only had 8000
      - Huge bureacracy in India- local headmen, pronvicial individuals, centralised authroity- meant that the keeping of records etc was far more straightforward
- - - - Bridging the gap between the elites and the poor
        
        Subaltern classes non-violence gave them an appeal to a higher authority over and against the representatives of the state at a local level.
        
        Engaged the subaltern in disource
        
        Champaran Satygraha of indigo dye workers resulting in the Champaran agrarian bill which championed working rights.
        
        Symbols used
        
        Spindle
        
        Khadi
        
        Gandhi and his ascetism
      - Geographic boundaries
        
        Provincial languages meant he was able to appeal to all areas
        
        Pan Indian ideals
        
        International attention
        
        Hunger strikes led to him going to negotiate with Churchill
        
        US put pressure on British for violence to stop- newspapers forced to explain the background for extreme hunger stirikes.
      - Spiritual Foundation
        
        Swaraj (self rule)
        
        Satyagraha
        
        Swadeshi
        
        Non-cooperation
        
        Ahimsa
      - Social boundaries
        
        Bringing women into the political sphere
        
        'Sita is no slave of Rama'
        
        thousands of women appeared in the Salt March 1930
        
        Advoated for women's voting rights
      - Economic impacts of Gandhi's policy
        
        Focusing on limiting alcohol consumption as it was the poison of the indian working class and dramatically increasd Brtish revenues.
        
        Salt march
        
        Maintenance of individuals in prison cost good money
    - - State policy of secularism and leading the republic
    - - Muslim league formed and withdrew from Congress. Mounted significant pressure for partition.
    - - May have inherited rule, but it was not mass nationalism that drove the british out of india
      - Inherited control but fractured by partition based on religious identites that left millions stranded.
      - Other nationalisms continue to challenge india
  - - - The RDA and the vote to be exempt from the inclusion into the french federal empire.
      - Mass spectacle
        
        Print, slogans etc.
      - Inclusive nationalism
        
        trans-ethnic
        
        common french enemy
        
        3/4 muslim population and therefore easy to accomodate.
      - pre-established groups won over
        
        elephants on the ballot paper
    - - british protestant faction and trained businessman. gained support and put in place due to favourable correspondence with the british.
    - - Based upon racial divisions
    - - Senghor, the incorporation of the French federal state and the negritude movement that prioritised the blackness of senegal and a pan-africanism.
    - - Popular urban unrest and the use of trade unions
      - Put in prison by the Briitsh and exempted from the Coussey committee yet won 30% of votes in the election
      - British forced to recognise his legitimacy
    - - Angolan war of Independence over 50,000 dead 1961-74
      - Zimbabwe- racialised farm raids on land owning whites
- - - - Canal system
      - Hydroelectric dams and Nehru's modern 'temple'
  - - - 'terra nullis' and Lockian ideas of private property compared to african ideals of communal land usage.
    - - Conservation and indigenous land groups
        
        Batwu pygmies
        
        50% of protected land is on indigenous people's territories, who constitute 5% of the global population.
        
        Gorilla habitat
      - Ujumma socialism
        
        Farm everything that can be farmed
        
        politics is agriculture
- - - - Interference with the spiritual elements of Indian society frowned upon.
    - - Brahmo Samaj and Rammothan Roy
        
        A more unified Hinduism? Doctrinally defined.
        
        Advocated for rational faith over popular religious tradiitons.
      - Dharma Sabha and the counter reform to the Brahmo Samaj
        
        supported english education but protested against involvement in cultural or social polices.
      - Arya Samaj
        
        uses vedas as principle texts
        
        cow protection groups
  - - - Jonah and the Swallowing Fish
      - South African praise poetry
      - Abraham and Isaac polygamy
      - Spirits converted into angels Ndebele
      - Pentecostalism into the 60s
      - Kikuyu labour migrants and the reading of the bible
      - East African Revival Movement in the 1930's
      - Great independent prophetic chirches took place after the translation of the bib;le
    - - Material
        
        Medicine
        
        Infant mortality and the Yoruba
        
        King of Mutesa directly related to medical reasons- ended up with half of his court becoming catholic
        
        Education
        
        Kaggwa
        
        Rights and customs
        
        Bakongo movement - banning of the murder of identical twins, human sacrifice and trial by poison.
        
        Development of women's right
        
        Yoruba in Nigeria and Shona in Zimbabwe
      - Spiritual
        
        traditional meaning unfounded - moral control over their lives
        
        Individualist
        
        Able to be manipulated
        
        Monotheistic deities merely transformed into the abrahamic God.
- - - - Individualist and self-improving
        
        Healing qualities
        
        Prosperity gospel link-
      - Coheres with local beliefs and can be adapted as necessary. Cross class religion that can be advocated in whatever manner necessary. - expansion across latin america, Africa and India
      - Focus on exorcism and Ability to dispel spirits appealed to African forms of religion that had previously disregarded protestantism.
        
        Pastor in Ethiopia claimed could dispel spirits by saying 'Be Yesus Sim'
      - Saw incompatibility of traditional value systems with the modern world.
    - - Caused by Neo-liberlaism
        
        Coca-colalisation of the global south saw bibles directed towards africa
      - Enabled Africans who wanted to get rich quikcly to enjoy their new material wealth without moral reproach. satisfied both spiritual and economic concerns.
        
        People wanted to find/ would symapthise with religions that would legitimate this newfound wealth.
      - Tanzanian Pastor Mwakasegne and the idea of the 'heavenly economy'
        
        The idea that 'God is the man that gave us the ability to acquire wealth. Our God is one of profit, not loss'
    - - Mega churches
        
        Mobilisation and expansion: 'televangelism'- David Oyedepo's 'Winning Chapel in Nigeria 1.5 million instagram followers.
        
        Brazilian Universal Church has intalled ATMs in the lobby for church tithes. The more one contributes to the church, the greater chance of becoming rich.
        
        'Supercar pastors'
        
        Becoming businesses:
        
        offering courses in business management by pastors and successful entrepreneurs from the congregation
        
        Redeemed christian church of God. Owning housing estates and redemption camps
    - - Church Bu$ine$$ in Nigeria
  - - - Was there merely continuity?
      - Same indiivudals and same day to day running of the state
      - Nation state itself- inherited the empire that then split?
      - Continuation of the British constitution within the INdian
        
        Small things like the continuation of uniform
    - - Socialism
        
        Planned economy the only option as a market economy would not work with such a varied amount of poltiies
        
        State administered, industrual administration
        
        However, socialism was not entirely the case- over 90% of gross nationla product came from the private sector.
      - Science
        
        Focus on scientific training and technological advancement made possible with the established of technical schools which became the premier educational facilities in the country
        
        Science informed planning- therefore data scientists etc. were highly used.
        
        Science was a universal framework and the distance between coloniser and colonised was negligible.
      - Discipline
        
        Discipline closely tied with ideas of development
    - - would've preferred a locally run village based economy
      - Did not see indpeendence as swaraj- and rightly so. India is still fraught with significant ethnic diveristy and challenges.