O10

Indirect Rule

Mass nationalism

Environmental history

Empires of Religion

Decolonisation development and deliverance

India

Africa

India

Africa

India

Africa

Gandhi

Sekou Touré and Guinea

Kaggwa and Uganda

South African nationalism

Senegal

Nkrumah and Ghana

Violence in Congo, Mozambique and Zimbabwe

Nehru

Jinnah

Princely states, zamindars and Residency

Nizam of Hyderabad

Warrant Chiefs

Sokoto Caliphate and Buganda

Tanzania

Theories of Rule

Stateness (foucault)

Necropolitics (Mbembe)

Arterial vs capillary power (Cooper)

Africanization

Jonah and the Swallowing Fish

South African praise poetry

Abraham and Isaac polygamy

Spirits converted into angels Ndebele

Pentecostalism

Discourses of development in India

India

Africa

Forests

Water management

Canal system

Hydroelectric dams and Nehru's modern 'temple'

Ideas of land usage

Case studies

Conservation and indigenous land groups

Batwu pygmies

Ayivasa group

50% of protected land is on indigenous people's territories, who constitute 5% of the global population.

Popular urban unrest and the use of trade unions

Put in prison by the Briitsh and exempted from the Coussey committee yet won 30% of votes in the election

British forced to recognise his legitimacy

british protestant faction and trained businessman. gained support and put in place due to favourable correspondence with the british.

The RDA and the vote to be exempt from the inclusion into the french federal empire.

Mass spectacle

Inclusive nationalism

pre-established groups won over

Print, slogans etc.

trans-ethnic

common french enemy

3/4 muslim population and therefore easy to accomodate.

elephants on the ballot paper

Based upon racial divisions

Senghor, the incorporation of the French federal state and the negritude movement that prioritised the blackness of senegal and a pan-africanism.

Angolan war of Independence over 50,000 dead 1961-74

Nigerian indpeendence achieved through negotiation

Zimbabwe- racialised farm raids on land owning whites

Bridging the gap between the elites and the poor

State policy of secularism and leading the republic

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'terra nullis' and Lockian ideas of private property compared to african ideals of communal land usage.

Ujumma socialism

Farm everything that can be farmed

politics is agriculture

Geographic boundaries

Subaltern classes non-violence gave them an appeal to a higher authority over and against the representatives of the state at a local level.

Engaged the subaltern in disource

Champaran Satygraha of indigo dye workers resulting in the Champaran agrarian bill which championed working rights.

Provincial languages meant he was able to appeal to all areas

Spiritual Foundation

Swaraj (self rule)

Satyagraha

Swadeshi

Non-cooperation

Ahimsa

Pan Indian ideals

Symbols used

Spindle

Khadi

Social boundaries

Bringing women into the political sphere

'Sita is no slave of Rama'

thousands of women appeared in the Salt March 1930

Advoated for women's voting rights

Economic impacts of Gandhi's policy

Focusing on limiting alcohol consumption as it was the poison of the indian working class and dramatically increasd Brtish revenues.

Salt march

Maintenance of individuals in prison cost good money

International attention

Hunger strikes led to him going to negotiate with Churchill

US put pressure on British for violence to stop- newspapers forced to explain the background for extreme hunger stirikes.

Muslim league formed and withdrew from Congress. Mounted significant pressure for partition.

Gorilla habitat

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Lugard and the Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa

Direct or Indirtect rule?

Imposition of chiefs who would often be symaptehtic to the British.

often had personal desires of their own

Difficult to find legitimate leaders and agree who was who

Pre-established states enabled easy British indirect rule as they could enable the Caliphate to exercise muslim law and remain autonomous.

Struggle to find legiitmate chiefs following the German invasion and rinderpest.

areas of perpetual conquest

hegemony on a shoestring

One british official per 45,000

25 officials in Sudan for state double the size of texas.

'thin white line'

Mirambo or Mkakwa

Imposition of agricultrual policies in the 30's and 50s saw local individuals lose both faith and trust in their local leaders.

Residency

Extraterritoriality meant exemption from the law

Permanent monitoring of the de-facto ruler

Why did people convert?

Material

Spiritual

'derivative nationalism'

Nehru's policies

Gandhi and indigenism

Partition and success

Naitonalism is far from complete

May have inherited rule, but it was not mass nationalism that drove the british out of india

Inherited control but fractured by partition based on religious identites that left millions stranded.

Other nationalisms continue to challenge india

Gandhi and his ascetism

What was the role of violence in indirect rule

Ensure loyalty and control. The possibility of violence is what enabled the colonial state to exercise it's paramount position.

'Smash and grab'

The weaker the state, the more violent it could be.

Short term portuguese farmers looting and raiding villages to gain cash quickly.

Princely states threatened with violence if uprisings occurred.

Jamiwala bagh massacre 1919.

Sokoto caliphate could not match the machine gun fire of the British.

Emirs in Northern Nigeria held hostage by the British

Military might of the British is what enabled the allinaces with princely states to occur- they would have control of their foreign correspondence in exchange for ensured protection of the kingdom and autonomous rule.

Sultan was not de-facto ruler of the people- rule was only indirect because british had african assistants rather than some degree of african autonomy

Bussa Rebellion 1915 not happy for the British hereditary heir as they did not think he was fit for rule. British did not care and annihilated the force of 600 men.

Adubi Rebellion over raised taxation in 1918 - 70 chiefs arrested and 600 killed.

Rule by violence

King Leopold and the Congo- forced labour and the cutting off of hands. Described as 'living hell'

Differences in indirect rule between india and africa

Time

People

Pre-established religions: conversion taken up with difficulty. Religion as an uncolonised space

Interference with the spiritual elements of Indian society frowned upon.

Medicine

Education

Rights and customs

Pentecostalism into the 60s

traditional meaning unfounded - moral control over their lives

Individualist

Able to be manipulated

India had millions of govenrment workers and was therefore able to be far more direct. 2/3 of india was seen as largely direct rule.

told to interfere cautiously so that the leader would not lose face with his people and therefore jeopardise the position of the british.

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Huge bureacracy in India- local headmen, pronvicial individuals, centralised authroity- meant that the keeping of records etc was far more straightforward

Africa only had 8000

Roads and Creeks ordinance of 1903 enabled autonomy and who was able to do what- often picked and choosed which policies they wanted to implement in accordance with what rbough them personal gain. terracing systems sometimes brought in

Socialism

Science

Discipline

Planned economy the only option as a market economy would not work with such a varied amount of poltiies

Focus on scientific training and technological advancement made possible with the established of technical schools which became the premier educational facilities in the country

State administered, industrual administration

However, socialism was not entirely the case- over 90% of gross nationla product came from the private sector.

Science informed planning- therefore data scientists etc. were highly used.

Discipline closely tied with ideas of development

Science was a universal framework and the distance between coloniser and colonised was negligible.

Was there merely continuity?

Same indiivudals and same day to day running of the state

Nation state itself- inherited the empire that then split?

would've preferred a locally run village based economy

Did not see indpeendence as swaraj- and rightly so. India is still fraught with significant ethnic diveristy and challenges.

Genuine theological appeal

Bakongo movement - banning of the murder of identical twins, human sacrifice and trial by poison.

Development of women's right

Yoruba in Nigeria and Shona in Zimbabwe

Monotheistic deities merely transformed into the abrahamic God.

Compatibility with the new world order

Syncretism with neoliberalism

Kikuyu labour migrants and the reading of the bible

East African Revival Movement in the 1930's

Great independent prophetic chirches took place after the translation of the bib;le

Kaggwa

Infant mortality and the Yoruba

King of Mutesa directly related to medical reasons- ended up with half of his court becoming catholic

Rwanda and the creation of fixed ethnic divisions following a previosuly flexible system dependent on cattle ownership

Examples of Reform wihtin India

Brahmo Samaj and Rammothan Roy

Eventual downfall and dismay?

A more unified Hinduism? Doctrinally defined.

Advocated for rational faith over popular religious tradiitons.

Reformist vs revivalists

Dharma Sabha and the counter reform to the Brahmo Samaj

supported english education but protested against involvement in cultural or social polices.

Arya Samaj

uses vedas as principle texts

cow protection groups

Caused by Neo-liberlaism

Coca-colalisation of the global south saw bibles directed towards africa

Mega churches

Individualist and self-improving

Healing qualities

Coheres with local beliefs and can be adapted as necessary. Cross class religion that can be advocated in whatever manner necessary. - expansion across latin america, Africa and India

Focus on exorcism and Ability to dispel spirits appealed to African forms of religion that had previously disregarded protestantism.

Pastor in Ethiopia claimed could dispel spirits by saying 'Be Yesus Sim'

Saw incompatibility of traditional value systems with the modern world.

Prosperity gospel link-

Enabled Africans who wanted to get rich quikcly to enjoy their new material wealth without moral reproach. satisfied both spiritual and economic concerns.

Tanzanian Pastor Mwakasegne and the idea of the 'heavenly economy'

The idea that 'God is the man that gave us the ability to acquire wealth. Our God is one of profit, not loss'

People wanted to find/ would symapthise with religions that would legitimate this newfound wealth.

Mobilisation and expansion: 'televangelism'- David Oyedepo's 'Winning Chapel in Nigeria 1.5 million instagram followers.

Brazilian Universal Church has intalled ATMs in the lobby for church tithes. The more one contributes to the church, the greater chance of becoming rich.

'Supercar pastors'

Becoming businesses:

offering courses in business management by pastors and successful entrepreneurs from the congregation

Redeemed christian church of God. Owning housing estates and redemption camps

Church Bu$ine$$ in Nigeria

Continuation of the British constitution within the INdian

Small things like the continuation of uniform

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