O10
Indirect Rule
Mass nationalism
Environmental history
Empires of Religion
Decolonisation development and deliverance
India
Africa
India
Africa
India
Africa
Gandhi
Sekou Touré and Guinea
Kaggwa and Uganda
South African nationalism
Senegal
Nkrumah and Ghana
Violence in Congo, Mozambique and Zimbabwe
Nehru
Jinnah
Princely states, zamindars and Residency
Nizam of Hyderabad
Warrant Chiefs
Sokoto Caliphate and Buganda
Tanzania
Theories of Rule
Stateness (foucault)
Necropolitics (Mbembe)
Arterial vs capillary power (Cooper)
Africanization
Jonah and the Swallowing Fish
South African praise poetry
Abraham and Isaac polygamy
Spirits converted into angels Ndebele
Pentecostalism
Discourses of development in India
India
Africa
Forests
Water management
Canal system
Hydroelectric dams and Nehru's modern 'temple'
Ideas of land usage
Case studies
Conservation and indigenous land groups
Batwu pygmies
Ayivasa group
50% of protected land is on indigenous people's territories, who constitute 5% of the global population.
Popular urban unrest and the use of trade unions
Put in prison by the Briitsh and exempted from the Coussey committee yet won 30% of votes in the election
British forced to recognise his legitimacy
british protestant faction and trained businessman. gained support and put in place due to favourable correspondence with the british.
The RDA and the vote to be exempt from the inclusion into the french federal empire.
Mass spectacle
Inclusive nationalism
pre-established groups won over
Print, slogans etc.
trans-ethnic
common french enemy
3/4 muslim population and therefore easy to accomodate.
elephants on the ballot paper
Based upon racial divisions
Senghor, the incorporation of the French federal state and the negritude movement that prioritised the blackness of senegal and a pan-africanism.
Angolan war of Independence over 50,000 dead 1961-74
Nigerian indpeendence achieved through negotiation
Zimbabwe- racialised farm raids on land owning whites
Bridging the gap between the elites and the poor
State policy of secularism and leading the republic
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'terra nullis' and Lockian ideas of private property compared to african ideals of communal land usage.
Ujumma socialism
Farm everything that can be farmed
politics is agriculture
Geographic boundaries
Subaltern classes non-violence gave them an appeal to a higher authority over and against the representatives of the state at a local level.
Engaged the subaltern in disource
Champaran Satygraha of indigo dye workers resulting in the Champaran agrarian bill which championed working rights.
Provincial languages meant he was able to appeal to all areas
Spiritual Foundation
Swaraj (self rule)
Satyagraha
Swadeshi
Non-cooperation
Ahimsa
Pan Indian ideals
Symbols used
Spindle
Khadi
Social boundaries
Bringing women into the political sphere
'Sita is no slave of Rama'
thousands of women appeared in the Salt March 1930
Advoated for women's voting rights
Economic impacts of Gandhi's policy
Focusing on limiting alcohol consumption as it was the poison of the indian working class and dramatically increasd Brtish revenues.
Salt march
Maintenance of individuals in prison cost good money
International attention
Hunger strikes led to him going to negotiate with Churchill
US put pressure on British for violence to stop- newspapers forced to explain the background for extreme hunger stirikes.
Muslim league formed and withdrew from Congress. Mounted significant pressure for partition.
Gorilla habitat
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Lugard and the Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa
Direct or Indirtect rule?
Imposition of chiefs who would often be symaptehtic to the British.
often had personal desires of their own
Difficult to find legitimate leaders and agree who was who
Pre-established states enabled easy British indirect rule as they could enable the Caliphate to exercise muslim law and remain autonomous.
Struggle to find legiitmate chiefs following the German invasion and rinderpest.
areas of perpetual conquest
hegemony on a shoestring
One british official per 45,000
25 officials in Sudan for state double the size of texas.
'thin white line'
Mirambo or Mkakwa
Imposition of agricultrual policies in the 30's and 50s saw local individuals lose both faith and trust in their local leaders.
Residency
Extraterritoriality meant exemption from the law
Permanent monitoring of the de-facto ruler
Why did people convert?
Material
Spiritual
'derivative nationalism'
Nehru's policies
Gandhi and indigenism
Partition and success
Naitonalism is far from complete
May have inherited rule, but it was not mass nationalism that drove the british out of india
Inherited control but fractured by partition based on religious identites that left millions stranded.
Other nationalisms continue to challenge india
Gandhi and his ascetism
What was the role of violence in indirect rule
Ensure loyalty and control. The possibility of violence is what enabled the colonial state to exercise it's paramount position.
'Smash and grab'
The weaker the state, the more violent it could be.
Short term portuguese farmers looting and raiding villages to gain cash quickly.
Princely states threatened with violence if uprisings occurred.
Jamiwala bagh massacre 1919.
Sokoto caliphate could not match the machine gun fire of the British.
Emirs in Northern Nigeria held hostage by the British
Military might of the British is what enabled the allinaces with princely states to occur- they would have control of their foreign correspondence in exchange for ensured protection of the kingdom and autonomous rule.
Sultan was not de-facto ruler of the people- rule was only indirect because british had african assistants rather than some degree of african autonomy
Bussa Rebellion 1915 not happy for the British hereditary heir as they did not think he was fit for rule. British did not care and annihilated the force of 600 men.
Adubi Rebellion over raised taxation in 1918 - 70 chiefs arrested and 600 killed.
Rule by violence
King Leopold and the Congo- forced labour and the cutting off of hands. Described as 'living hell'
Differences in indirect rule between india and africa
Time
People
Pre-established religions: conversion taken up with difficulty. Religion as an uncolonised space
Interference with the spiritual elements of Indian society frowned upon.
Medicine
Education
Rights and customs
Pentecostalism into the 60s
traditional meaning unfounded - moral control over their lives
Individualist
Able to be manipulated
India had millions of govenrment workers and was therefore able to be far more direct. 2/3 of india was seen as largely direct rule.
told to interfere cautiously so that the leader would not lose face with his people and therefore jeopardise the position of the british.
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Huge bureacracy in India- local headmen, pronvicial individuals, centralised authroity- meant that the keeping of records etc was far more straightforward
Africa only had 8000
Roads and Creeks ordinance of 1903 enabled autonomy and who was able to do what- often picked and choosed which policies they wanted to implement in accordance with what rbough them personal gain. terracing systems sometimes brought in
Socialism
Science
Discipline
Planned economy the only option as a market economy would not work with such a varied amount of poltiies
Focus on scientific training and technological advancement made possible with the established of technical schools which became the premier educational facilities in the country
State administered, industrual administration
However, socialism was not entirely the case- over 90% of gross nationla product came from the private sector.
Science informed planning- therefore data scientists etc. were highly used.
Discipline closely tied with ideas of development
Science was a universal framework and the distance between coloniser and colonised was negligible.
Was there merely continuity?
Same indiivudals and same day to day running of the state
Nation state itself- inherited the empire that then split?
would've preferred a locally run village based economy
Did not see indpeendence as swaraj- and rightly so. India is still fraught with significant ethnic diveristy and challenges.
Genuine theological appeal
Bakongo movement - banning of the murder of identical twins, human sacrifice and trial by poison.
Development of women's right
Yoruba in Nigeria and Shona in Zimbabwe
Monotheistic deities merely transformed into the abrahamic God.
Compatibility with the new world order
Syncretism with neoliberalism
Kikuyu labour migrants and the reading of the bible
East African Revival Movement in the 1930's
Great independent prophetic chirches took place after the translation of the bib;le
Kaggwa
Infant mortality and the Yoruba
King of Mutesa directly related to medical reasons- ended up with half of his court becoming catholic
Rwanda and the creation of fixed ethnic divisions following a previosuly flexible system dependent on cattle ownership
Examples of Reform wihtin India
Brahmo Samaj and Rammothan Roy
Eventual downfall and dismay?
A more unified Hinduism? Doctrinally defined.
Advocated for rational faith over popular religious tradiitons.
Reformist vs revivalists
Dharma Sabha and the counter reform to the Brahmo Samaj
supported english education but protested against involvement in cultural or social polices.
Arya Samaj
uses vedas as principle texts
cow protection groups
Caused by Neo-liberlaism
Coca-colalisation of the global south saw bibles directed towards africa
Mega churches
Individualist and self-improving
Healing qualities
Coheres with local beliefs and can be adapted as necessary. Cross class religion that can be advocated in whatever manner necessary. - expansion across latin america, Africa and India
Focus on exorcism and Ability to dispel spirits appealed to African forms of religion that had previously disregarded protestantism.
Pastor in Ethiopia claimed could dispel spirits by saying 'Be Yesus Sim'
Saw incompatibility of traditional value systems with the modern world.
Prosperity gospel link-
Enabled Africans who wanted to get rich quikcly to enjoy their new material wealth without moral reproach. satisfied both spiritual and economic concerns.
Tanzanian Pastor Mwakasegne and the idea of the 'heavenly economy'
The idea that 'God is the man that gave us the ability to acquire wealth. Our God is one of profit, not loss'
People wanted to find/ would symapthise with religions that would legitimate this newfound wealth.
Mobilisation and expansion: 'televangelism'- David Oyedepo's 'Winning Chapel in Nigeria 1.5 million instagram followers.
Brazilian Universal Church has intalled ATMs in the lobby for church tithes. The more one contributes to the church, the greater chance of becoming rich.
'Supercar pastors'
Becoming businesses:
offering courses in business management by pastors and successful entrepreneurs from the congregation
Redeemed christian church of God. Owning housing estates and redemption camps
Church Bu$ine$$ in Nigeria
Continuation of the British constitution within the INdian
Small things like the continuation of uniform
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