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THE GENITAL & URINARY TRACT DISEASE, BACTERIAL DISEASE OF URINARY…
THE GENITAL & URINARY TRACT DISEASE
NONVENEREAL DISEASE OF REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
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Bacterial Vaginosis
Pathogen= Gardnerella vaginalisis
Risk Factors
Having Multiple sex patner
Virulence Factor
Bioactive Molecules= promote the growth
Sialidase= degradation and disruption of the protective mucosal barrier
Sign & Symptoms
Discharge in gray or white
Fishy odour
itchy vagina
Pain during pain
Pathogenesis
Gardnerella vaginalis increase & Lactobacillus species reduced in vagina
Sialidases degrading mucins and disrupting the mucosal barrier.
Adheres to vaginal epithelial cells
BV-associated bacteria growth
Transmission
During Chilbirth
Treatment & Prevention
Lactobacilli suppository
Antibiotic Metronidazole
Avoid multiple sex
Diagnosis
Gram Stain=
Decrease Lactobacilli & increased Gardnerella vaginalisis :
Pap Smear=
Clue cell presence
Vaginal Candidiasis
Pathogenesis
= Candida albicans
Epidemiology
Hormonal Changes
Sexual Activity
Antibiotic Usage
Sign & Symptoms
Discomfort during urination and sexual intercourse
Thick and white discharge
Transmission
:
Sexually transmitted
Sharing personal belonging
Imbalance microbiota
Poor Hygiene
Virulence Factor
Candidalysin = damage cells
Pathogenesis
Adheres to host epithelial cells
Penetrates host tissues
Damage & distrupt tissue
Complement activation
Candidalysin causes host cell damage and inflammation
Biofilms formed for defence
Treatment & Prevention
Azole suppositories/ cream to apply
Prevention of antibiotic cause imbalance microbiota
Avoid feminine wash
Fluconazole oral medication
Diagnosis
Germ Tube Test
= Budding cell with Hypae
Culturing on SDA
= Cream to white-colored colonies.
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Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
Pathogen:
= Staphylococcus aureus
Transmission
Skin to skin
sharing of personal belongings
Sign & Symptoms
Fever
Chills
Vomitting
Diarrhea
Hypotension
Epidemiology
Usage of menstrual product
Newly delivered mothers
Surgery patient
Pathogenesis
Entry via mucous membrane
Colonize on tissue
Produce TSST1 and release into blood stream to immune system
Superantigenic triggers T-cells
Cytokine storm ensues
Immune dysregulation causes severe disease and tissue damage.
Diagnosis
Urinalysis= WBC, protein RBC presence
Gram Stain= Purple coloured cocci
Treatment & Prevention
Antibiotic= Clindamycin
Antibiotic = Vancomycin
Good hygiene
Change tampon within 4 to 8 hours
Virulence Factor
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 = releases proinflammatory cytokines
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION & DISEASE
Bacterial
Gonorrhoea
Pathogen:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Transmission
Sexual transmittance
Risk Factor
Sign & Symptoms
Painful urination
Purulent discharge
Conjunctivitis
Virulence Factor
Fimbriae= adhere, invasion and evade
Endotoxin= damages tissue
Lipooligosaccharide (L=evade the host immune response
Pathogenesis
Attachment on mucosal surfaces of the urogenital tract & colonize
Invade cells and evade host immune defenses
Triggering inflammation causes tissue damage
Disseminate from the initial site of infection to other tissues and organs
Diagnosis
Gram stain=
Gram negative diplococci bacteria
Treatment & Prevention
Cephalosporin Antibiotic intake
Syphilis
Pathogen:
Treponema pallidum
Transmission
Epidemiology
Sign & Symptoms
Primary
Chancre
Secondary
Sore throat,
Headache
Malaise
Myalgia
Mild fever
Tertier
Dementia
Paralysis
Syphilitic
Gummas
Blindness
Heart failure
Virulence Factor
Glycocalyx= survive phagocytosis
Pathogenesis
Transmittance cia sexual contact or mother to foetus.
Enter via body through mucous membranes
Chancre develops at the site of infection
Second stage symptoms development
Third stage symptoms development if untreated
Evade immune systemm causing tissue damage
Diagnosis
TP-PA Test= presence of treponemal antibodies
Dark-field Microscopy= Spiral shaped bacteria presence
Treatment & Prevention
Chlamydial Infection
Pathogen:
Chlamydia trachomatis
Epidemiology
Transmission
Mother to Foetus
Sign & Symptoms
Penile Discharge
Pain During Intercourse
Virulence Factor
Pathogenesis
Attach to host cell & enter via endocytosis
Replicates on host cell
Evade host cell
Triggers an inflammatory response causes tissue damage
Diagnosis
PCR test
= Pathogen's DNA detected
Giemsa Stain=
round to oval cell with enlarged nucleus
Treatment & Prevention
STI Testing
Viral
Genital Herpes
Human Herpesviruses
Transmission
Epidemiology
Sign & Symptoms
Decreased appetite
Virulence Factor
IκB Kinase (IKK)= involved in inflammation and immunity
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1)= dendritic cell maturation
Pathogenesis
Entry via mucosal surfaces or breaks in the skin.
2.Move to sensory nerves till sensory ganglia
Establish latency
Reactivates Virus
Move to Epidermis& dermis junction and kin lesion appearance
Diagnosis
HSV Antibody Testing
= HSV-specific antibodies detection
Treatment & Prevention
1.Acyclovir antiviotic intake
Genital Warts
Pathogen:
Human papillomaviruses
Epidemiology
Immunocomprimised
Virulence factor
E6 Oncoprotein= for growth and survival
E7 Oncoprotein= for replication and development of cancer
Sign & Symptoms
Growths of the epithelium of the skin
Anal itching
Pathogenesis
Enter via microabrasions/epithelial barrier
Replicates in the nucleus of infected cells.
Evade host immune
Develops epithelial dysplasia or precancerous lesions
Cervical cancer
Transmission
genital /oral mucosa
Diagnosis
Pap smear
= Koilocytes presence
immunohistochemistry=
presence of the target antigen
Treatment & Prevention
HPV vaccine
usage of condom
BACTERIAL DISEASE OF URINARY TRACT
Leptopirosis
Pathogen:
Leptospira interrogans
Transmission
= Via animals
Epidemiology
Food & Water source near animals
Pet owner
Sign & Symptoms
Myalgia
Abrupt fever
Headache
Muscle stiffness
Virulence Factor
Lipopolysaccharide= trigger an inflammatory response
Endoflagella= for movement
Pathogenesis
Enter host via mucous membranes
Spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system
Adhere host cells
Invade tissue
Trigger immune system
Diagnosis
Antibody staining spirochete= Presence of spirochetes
Leptospira Medium Base (LM)= colorless or pale yellowish
Treatment & Prevention
Doxycycline intake
Vaccine= Leptospirosis vaccine
Good Hygiene
Penicillin G intake
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Streptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis
Pathogen: Streptococcus Pyogenes (Group A)
Transmission
Saliva
Skin to Skin direct
Epidemiology
Poor hygiene
Children between 1-12 y/o
Sign & Symptoms
Edema
Sore throat
Poor urination
Dark urine
Virulence Factor
Streptokinase= causes clot as spread infection
Streptotsin= Causes lysin of cells
M protein= Block phagocytes & stick to host cells
Hyanuronidase- for survival & colonisation
Exotoxin= Growth & relication
Pathogenesis
Entry via throat / skin
Activation of immune cells
Immune complex formation
Immune complex deposition of Glomeruli
Immune Complement activated
Inflamation
Glomerular injury
Diagnosis
Gram stain= Purle coloured cocci that arranged in chain
Urinalysis= RBC& Protein presence
Culturing= Beta hemolysis on Blood Agar
Treatment & Prevention
Amoxicilin Antibiotics intake
Vaccination such as influenza and pneumococcus
Penicillin Antibiotics intake
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Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection
Pathogen:
Escherichia coli
Sign & Symptoms:
Cloudy urine
Bloody Urine
Foul urine odour
Transmission:
Feacal contamination
Bad Hygiene
Pathogenesis:
Attachment to urothelial lining
Invade epithelial cells, colonize and replicate
Produce toxin that causes tissue damage
Move to Upper tract causing cystitis
Biofilm formed for resistance
Evade host immunity
Diagnosis
Gram Stain= pink coloured bacilli
Urinalysis= Bacteria, Leukocyte and Erythrocytes presence
Culturing= metalic green colonies on Mac Conkey
Epidemiology:
Diabetic patients
Urinary catheter user
Diaphragm user
Low intake of water
Virulence Factor
-
Flagella= for motility
Hemolysin= disrupt membrane
Biofilm= enhancing bacterial persistence and antibiotic resistance
Treatment & Prevention
Antimicrobial drug intake= Amoxicillin, Sulfamethoxazole
Practice good hygine
Drink water more To keep hydrating