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W8 Imagery - Coggle Diagram

- - - - separated into visualisers or verbalisers
      - :two: visualisers given tests of spatial imagery and object imagery
        
        spatial imagery => ability to image spatial relations
        
        :three: Measured w paper folding test (PFT)
        
        object imagery => ability to image visual details vividly
        
        :three: Measured w vividness of visual imagery questionnaire (VVIQ)
    - - 62% with :arrow_down: spatial (PFT) have :arrow_up: object (VVIQ)
      - 51% with :arrow_up: spatial (PFT) have :arrow_down: object (VVIQ)
  - - - Degraded pictures task
        
        object imagers did better
      - Mental Rotation task
        
        spatial imagers did better
  - - - Local and Global Forms
        
        attention on global 5 --> see :green_heart: 5
        
        attention on local 2s --> see :large_orange_diamond: 2
        
        https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/pmc/articles/PMC122659/
    - - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118996
      - synesthetes born between 1970 and 1985,
        
        synesthesia learned through magnet toy set can exceed 15%.
        
        syntesthetes may learn colours through conditioned mental imagery
        
        interactions between genes and environment
    - - Mod Stroop EXP
        
        :one: shown an arithmetic question followed by colour patch (3 + 4 = :yellow_heart:)
        
        :two: Name colour patch then solve equation as fast as possible
        
        :three: synesthete shown either congruent or incongruent colour patch
        
        synesthete RT much slower for incongruent than congruent
        
        colour experience triggered even through mental concepts of numbers
        
        benefit or deficit
        
        https://www.nature.com/articles/35019148
    - - coloured phone numbers
- - - - Perky (1910)
        
        :one: mentally project images of objects :banana: on screen and describe them
        
        :two: actual image is dimly projected from other side onto slightly transparent wall
        
        mental image descriptions matched actual images and no one noticed actual picture on screen
        
        mistaken actual picture for mental image
      - Farah
        
        :one: mentally project image of letter (H or T) on screen
        
        :two: press button which causes 2 squares to flash one by one
        
        one square contains letter (H or T)
        
        :three: detect which square contains target letter
        
        :arrow_up: accuracy when same letter is imagined in :one:
        
        same underlying mechanisms for perception and imagery
      - Single Unit Recording
        
        electrodes inserted in areas of medial temporal lobe (MTL)
        
        contains amygdala and hippocampus
        
        Results
        
        neurons respond to specific stimuli (:check: to ball :red_cross: to face)
        
        imagery neurons have similar firing patterns for perception of stimulus and imagination of same stimulus
      - fMRI Studies
        
        Bihan (1993)
        
        :arrow_up: activity in striate cortex (V1) both when perceiving or imagining stimulus
        
        similar but not identical brain activity
        
        slow but spatially accurate
        
        Ganis (2004)
        
        Procedure
        
        Perception Condition--> observe drawing of :deciduous_tree:
        
        answer "Is object wider than it is tall?"
        
        Imagery Condition --> imagine previously studied :deciduous_tree:
        
        Results
        
        https://drive.google.com/open?id=17wOcoOY9tiovOoeE2f7-Lhb5mGTIRjwT&usp=drive_fs
        
        perception & imagery activate similar areas in frontal and medial areas
        
        :arrow_up: activity in occipital slice during perception
        
        V1 is where retinal signals first reach brain
      - TMS
        
        disrupts normal brain functioning in specific brain regions temporarily
        
        Kosslyn (1999)
        
        :one: Briefly view stripe display
        
        :two: Make judgements about stripes in 2 quadrants with eyes open or closed
        
        :three: TMS appplied at V1 or other brain region (control condition)
        
        V1 stimulation leads to :arrow_down: RT for both perception and imagery
        
        V1 involved in perception and imagery
      - Case studies
        
        M.G.S
        
        had severe epilepsy and needed to have right occipital lobe removed
        
        Mental walk before ops
        
        Distance to overflow --> 15ft
        
        Mental walk after ops
        
        Distance to overflow :arrow_up: to 35ft
        
        reduced V1 size --> smaller visual field
        
        V1 important for imagery
        
        Unilateral neglect
        
        ignore objects in 1/2 of visual field despite intact vision
        
        due to parietal lobe damage
        
        :one: patient asked to imagine standing at one end of Piazza del Duomo
        
        :two: Describe things he saw
        
        :three: Repeat 1 and 2 but now standing on opposite end
        
        Patient neglected left side of mental image regardless where he imagined standing
        
        shared physiological mechanisms for mental imagery and perception
        
        Double Dissociations
        
        :check: PER :red_cross: IMG
        
        R.M
        
        damaged occipital and parietal lobes
        
        can recognise objects and draw accurate pictures of objects before him
        
        could not draw objects from memory
        
        :red_cross: PER :check: IMG
        
        C.K
        
        suffers from visual agnosia after being hit by car
        
        can recognise parts of objects but cannot integrate them into meaningful whole
        
        dart --> feather duster
        
        can draw objects from memory in vivid detail
        
        imagery and perception functionally localised?
        
        contradicts past findings
        
        Alternative Theory
        https://drive.google.com/open?id=185aIL1bY3hu207JPV4cWKHOmUHZwXh0t&usp=drive_fs
        
        PER mechanisms found in both lower and higher visual centers
        
        IMG mechanisms found mainly in higher visual centres
        
        same area but different levels?
- - - - imagine placing pieces of info around a familiar spatial layout
    - - imagining huge pair of teeth in living room
  - - - https://drive.google.com/open?id=18D5iDwkj4iuDq0uScngjBvPC1VzFNUc3&usp=drive_fs
      - easy to remember when number and noun rhyme (one and bun)
      - :two: Pair pegword with thing to be remembered
        
        :three: Create mental image of both words
- - - - Mental Scanning
        
        Boat Walk EXP
        
        participants took longer to find parts further from initial focus point
        
        evidence or spatial nature of imagery
        
        some suggested longer time is result of being distracted by other parts
        
        :one: Memorise picture of object (eg. :motor_boat:)
        
        :two: Create mental image of object and focus on one area (eg. :anchor:)
        
        :three: Find other part of boat (eg. motor) and press true when found
        
        Kosslyn (1973)
        
        Map EXP
        
        :one: repeat previous exp but with a map with various locations
        
        :two: Traverse mental map from one place to another for each location pair
        
        same results as previous exp
        
        Pylyshyn's imagery debate
        
        Kosslyn (1978)
        
        creating mental images and scanning them in minds
        
        Kosslyn (1978)
        
        Fat Rabbit :rabbit: EXP
        
        :one: imagine :elephant: and :rabbit: next to each other so :elephant: takes up visual field
        
        :two: answer questions about :rabbit: by mental scanning
        
        :three: imagine :rabbit: and :butterfly: next to each other so :rabbit: takes up visual field
        
        1 more item...
        
        Does a rabbit have whiskers?
        
        faster RT for :rabbit: questions when its fatter
        
        Mental Walk EXP
        
        :one: imagine walking towards animal in mental image
        
        :two: Estimate distance that overflow occurs
        
        overflow -> image becomes fuzzy or fills visual field
        
        larger animals :elephant: --> :arrow_up: distance for overflow (11 feet)
        
        smaller animals :rabbit: --> :arrow_down: distance for overflow (1 feet)
        
        evidence for imagery being spatial like perception
        
        DoubleBlind Map EXP
        
        double blind replication of previous exp
        
        experimenters misled to have different expectations for coloured maps and black-white maps
        
        participants expected faster performance for middle distances
        
        Kosslyn (1985)
      - Rotations
        
        2D Rotation of Imagery
        
        Results
        
        https://drive.google.com/open?id=19TkpOGFFg7PLJhpEVEt9uxAU_wRVuX0x&usp=drive_fs
        
        :snail: RT when shape upside down (closer to 180º)
        
        evidence for rotation of mental imagery as we take longer to rotate angles at 180º
        
        consistently :snail: RT when shape is mirrored
        
        asked whether letter is normal or mirrored at different degrees of orientation
        
        3D Rotation of Imagery
        
        :arrow_up: degree of orientation leads to :snail: RT
        
        Gender differences
        
        Results
        
        :snail: RT for greater angles
        
        :womens: have :snail: RT for LEFT hand than RIGHT hand
        
        :mens: have no difference in RT
      - Suppression Task
        
        :one: performed spatial rotation task and suppression task simultaneously
        
        articulatory suppression (saying stuff on repeat)
        
        non-spatial tapping (press one button repeatedly)
        
        spatial tapping (four button sequence)
        
        :arrow_down: accuracy only when spatial suppression task performed
        
        visuospatial sketchpad involved in mental imagery
  - - - spatial experience of imagery a byproduct of underlying mechanism but not part of it
      - spatial experience of imagery ≠ spatial representations
    - - built on propositional statements or equations ("Cat is under the table")
      - like an abstracted model of the original object
        
        https://drive.google.com/open?id=17s87k17yQ4SQLpMExXrAG_yJfI73eG9d&usp=drive_fs
        
        similar to semantic networks