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How did European colonization lead to Latin America's modern cultural…
How did European colonization lead to Latin America's modern cultural features
South America
Slave Trade
Influx of Africans into the continent
Major recipient of slaves from the Transatlantic Slave trade
Trade continued till the early 19th century
Portugal had a monopoly over the slave trade
More than 5 million slaves were imported to Brazil from Africa
New sociatal system in place
Spaniards
White individuals from Spain
Most Rights
Criollos
Offsprings of Spaniards in the Americas
Mestizos
Mixed European and Indeginous
Mulatos
Mixed European and African
Zambos
Mixed indigenous and African
Indegionous
Indegionous descent
Africans
African descent
Least rights
Natives were worked on the plantations
They died from the labor intensive work and disease
Slave trade needed to get labor because native labor is failing
Millions of slaves sent to South America
Religion
Spanish conqorers land in the new world
Spanish spread Catholicism
Catholicism becomes main religion in South America
69% of South Americans practice Catholicism.
Half the region was influenced by the portuguese. This was because of the treaty of tordesillas
Pizarro Brothers
Convinced the king of Spain to let them explore the west coast of South America
Conquered the Inca empire and killed their leader even after the people paid ransom
King of Spain realizes what these brothers did and was angered
King tries to stop the Brothers by passing laws called "New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians." Which stripped land and slaves from Gonzalo
Brothers retaliate
The Brothers die, but the Incan Empire has already been lost
Incan culture lost.
Gonzalo led an uprising against officials acting on behalf of the king of spain
He was brutal to natives and spaniards
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Soon after he was pleased when the city of Cuzco was captured
Many cultural structures of the Incan's were melted down as they were not useful to the brothers
Conflict over the distribution of treasure led to the death of Francisco Pizarro
His three brothers Gonzalo, Juan, and Hernando joined him
Francisco Pizarro was born into an impoverished family
Worked his way up through colonial society
The Inca
Conquered native neighboring tribes
This led to them controlling about 10 million people
They quarried the gold in the Andes and adorned their temple with it in their main city Cuzco
They used irrigation to farm corn, potatoes, chili peppers, cotton.
The Incan Religion was a mix of animism and fetishism, they worshipped nature gods
Viracocha was a sun god and cultural hero
Religious human sacrifices happened in the Inca Empire
Language
Spanish and Portuguese colonists
teach natives their own languages
Spanish and Portugese are the 2 most spoken languages in south america.
Central America
Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Treaty of Tordesillas 1493, split Latin America between spain and portugal by the 46 degree longitude. Spain got all right of the line and portugal got all left
The Conquistadors (to the right)
Cultures before european arrival
Mayans
Helped Hernan Cortes in his endeavor to conquer the Mayans
Mayan Culture and other facts
They were agriculture and mining based civilization
The mayans used advanced systems of growing crops such as irrigation
They quarried immense quantities of limestone
They constructed large stone temples
In the early 21st century 30 mayan languages were spoken by 5 million people
They wrote in books hieroglyphic messages
They also made sculptures out of wood
These books and hieroglyphs contained what seems to be the Mayan history
They similarly practiced human sacrifice
Aztecs
Practiced human sacrifice of their enemies
The aztecs were a religion based society where that had many gods that they worshiped.
All the people who lived in the territory were forced to pay respects to the ruler of them.
This led to many other natives helping Cortes in his endeavors to fight the aztecs
Hernan Cortes was a famous conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
Cortes, even as a child loved to watch arriving ships from the new world as they got to port, filled with colorful textiles, and spices.
He went to española when he was 19 in search of riches
Soon after he conquered Cuba and earned great prestige
He had great interest in exploring the mexican mainland
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the
Columbian Exchange
Foods and resources were traded, and because of better nutrition European lifespan extended by more than 20 years
Early European colonizers start to make settlements in central and south America.
They discover along with the food that cash crops such as sugarcane is abundant
They need a workforce so they bring 12.5 million Americans to work on plantations and mines along with natives
African and native slaves mix and there are now mixed people with mixed cultures.
The Hacienda, Encomienda, and Repartimiento de labor systems were created
The Encomienda System
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The Hacienda system
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The Repartimiento de Labor
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Europe already had connections to the transatlantic slave trade, so the slaves were shipped from Africa to Central America and The Carribeans
Columbus sailed multiple more times after his first voyage
He came back with kidnapped natives, exotic plants, and a small bit of gold which made the king and queen interested in funding more trips
Today's culture and people
The ethnic composition of Central America is mostly Mestizos and Europeans.
Catholicism, just like in general is practiced commonly in Central America
Spanish is the main language of Central America and The Caribbean
Some main industries that ground the Central America and The The Caribbeans economy are mining, tourism, and agriculture
Sadly due to climate change, governmental corruption, and other factors people are having to flee their homes
Haiti's history
In 1791 Haiti was the leading producer of sugarcane.
A small group of wealthy french people controlled about a half a million slaves.
Among them was Toussaint L'Ouverture. After the french abolished slavery in their colonies. He was influential in the movement for independence
In 1803 Toussaints army prevailed over the French military after his death. Haiti gained independence on January 1, 1804
Costa Rican History
Costa Rica has enjoyed peace since 1949
It engages in free trade with the U.S.
No army because of this peace
Costa Rica is the center of a lot of human rights groups
Gained its independence after the Spanish American war
Cultures and people today (both)
The three main ethnic compositions in Latin America are European, African/Mulattos, and Mestizos
In these societies people born in spain are placed at the top of society while natives and black citizens are placed at the bottom
The main religion today in Latin America is most Catholicism
Between native groups, a similarity is that many large ones practiced human sacrifice
Nicaraguan History
Freed the same time as Costa Rica from spain after the Spanish American war
Soon after it fell under dictatorships and gave way to Civil War. Nicaragua has been infested with government corruption
In 1998 a hurricane destroyed much of Nicaragua's infrastructure.
The poverty rate is extremely high at 42%
Many businesses use railways to transport goods
Nicaragua, like Costa Rica, engages in free trade with the U.S.
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Citations
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Maya". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Apr. 2024,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maya-people
. Accessed 25 April 2024.
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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Inca". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Apr. 2024,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inca
. Accessed 26 April 2024.