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Genital and Urinary Tract, References - Coggle Diagram
Genital and Urinary Tract
Bacterial disease of the Urinary System
Leptospirosis
Following direct contact with infected animal urine it develops between 2 to 26 days
contact with animals or water sources close to animal habitat
Causative agent
Leptospira interrogans
Virulence Factor
Adhesins that attaches to human cells
motile,
chemotaxic to hemoglobin,
able to evade antibody- complement activity
Signs and Symptoms
Abrupt fever
muscle pain (myalgia)
muscle stiffness
headache
Diagnosis
* Urinalysis
Microscopic agglutination Test (MAT)
Detects antibody your body produce in response to the leptospira bacteria
Requires 2 blood sample collected a week or 2 apart
Enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Detects antibodies but not specific
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Can detect the bacteria in blood, urine or cerebrospinal fluid
Treatment
antibiotics
Doxycycline / Penicillin
IV antibiotics ( severe cases)
Prevention
avoid contact with contaminated water and soil
Be aware of the surroundings
Wear protective clothing and footwears
Streptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis
Develop between 1-6 weeks after strep infection
Sign and Symptoms
Dark, reddish- brown urine (hematuria)
Edema
Decreased urination
Fatigue
High blood pressure
Sore throat
Diagnosis
Urine Analysis
Kidney Biopsy
Blood Test
Throat Swab
Treatment
Antibiotics - Penicillin
Blood pressure medicines - to control the high BP
Diuretics drugs - to control swelling
Virulence factor
*M protein - binds to antibodies --> prevents the antibodies from attacking the bacteria
C5a Peptidase -reduces inflammation and make it easier for bacteria to spread
Pyrogenic toxins - causes fever (common symptom for strep throat)
Causative agent
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Prevention
Practicing good hygiene
Avoiding close contact with sick people
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
Treating strep infectious promptly
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
common in females than in males (females have shorter urethras)
People who do not drink adequate fluids
Elderly men with prostate enlargement
Patients with urinary catheters
women who use diaphragms for birth control
Prevention
Drink plenty of fluids
Urinate when you feel the urge
Empty the bladder after sexual intercourse
Shower instead of taking baths
Practice good hygiene
Sign and Symptoms
Frequent, urgent and painful urination (dysuria)
Urine may be cloudy, bloody with foul odor
Low grade fever
Abdominal cramps
Pelvic pain for women
Treatment
Many cases dont need treatment -
antimicrobial drugs (Sulfamethoxazole, Fosfomycin)
Diagnosis
Urinalysis -
Increased WBCs, Presences of nitrites, Presence of RBCs
Urine culture - to determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment
recommended for: patients with recurrent UTIs, pregnant women and weakened immune system
Virulence Factor
Flagella
facilitate colonization with E.coli in the urinary tract
attaching to the host epithelial cells --> promotes the persistence of the organisms in the bladder (serves as a reservoir for ascending infection in the urinary tract)
Causative agent
Escherichia coli (most cases)
Nonvenereal disease of Reproductive System
Bacterial Vaginosis
Sign and Symptoms
Thin, gray, white, or greenish vaginal discharge
Fishy odor
Vaginal itching or irritation
Burning sensation during urination
Virulence factor
* Enzymatic activity
- Gardnerella vaginalis, produce enzymes that can break down components of vaginal mucus and tissues. This can contribute to inflammation and irritation.
Biofilm formation
- make these bacteria more resistant to the immune system's defenses and antibiotics.
Causative agent
Imbalance in the vaginal microbiome (Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella species, Mobiluncus species, Anaerobic bacteria)
Diagnosis
pelvic exam
Assessment of vaginal discharge
pH testing
Wet mount microscopy
Treatment
Antibiotics (oral /vaginal)
Avoiding douching
Probiotics
lactobacillus acidophilus
Prevention
Avoid douching
Practice good hygiene
Limit antibiotic use
Consider the number of sexual partners
Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome
Causes excessive cytokine production by T cells
Sign and Symptoms
Fever ( 38.9 degree Celsius)
Flushed skin
Rash
Organ dysfunction
Virulence Factor
Exotoxins
- These toxins can damage tissues, cause cell death, and contribute to the inflammatory response
Adhesins
- surface proteins that enable it to adhere to host tissues. This adherence facilitates colonization and toxin production at the infection site.
Capsule
- produce a polysaccharide capsule that helps it evade phagocytosis by white blood cells, allowing the bacteria to persist and continue producing toxins.
Enterotoxins
- can also contribute to the overall toxic effects in STSS by inducing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Diagnosis
laboratory testing
Blood cultures
Throat and Vaginal swabs
Blood tests
Toxin detection
TSST-1 detection
Causative agents
Staphylococcus aureus
Treatment
antibiotics (IV antibiotics)
Fluid resuscitation
Vasopressor medication
Oxygen Therapy
Prevention
Frequent handwashing
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
Wound care
Vaginal Candidiasis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antifungal medications
Probiotics
Sign and Symptoms
Vulvar itching and irritation
Burning sensation
Thick, white vaginal discharge
Redness and swelling of the vulva
Prevention
Virulence factor
*Adherence -attachment is crucial for establishing a foothold in the vagina and resisting removal by the flow of vaginal secretions.
Biofilm formation - make the fungus more resistant to the immune system's defenses and antifungal medications.
Antifungal resistance- In some cases, Candida albicans strains can develop resistance to antifungal medications, making treatment more challenging.
Causative agent
Candida albicans
Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases
Bacterial STDs
Syphilis
The chancre appears about 3 weeks after exposure and is typically painless, round, and firm.
Treatment
Early Stages
(Primary, Secondary, or Early Latent Syphilis): A single dose of long-acting benzathine penicillin G is usually enough to cure the infection.
Late Latent Syphilis or Syphilis of Unknown Duration
: Three doses of benzathine penicillin G given at weekly intervals are recommended.
Diagnosis
Screening Test
Nontreponemal tests - don't detect the syphilis bacteria itself but rather an immune response to the infection. A positive nontreponemal test suggests possible syphilis infection, but further testing is needed for confirmation.
Confirmatory Test
- specifically detect Treponema pallidum. They are used to confirm a positive nontreponemal test result.
Treponemal tests - These tests look for antibodies against Treponema pallidum or directly detect the bacteria itself.
Prevention
Condoms and Dental Dams
Mutually Monogamous Relationship
Regular Testing
Communication
Sign and Symptoms
flu-like symptoms - fever, fatigue, sore throat, headache, swollen lymph nodes, rash
Virulence factor
Capsules and Frimbrae
- help pathogens adhere to host cells.
Toxins
- suppress immune response or surface molecules that make the pathogen appear harmless
Enzyme
- break down host tissues or specialized transporters to absorb nutrients.
Causative agent
Treponema pallidum
Chlamydial Infections
Diagnosis
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)
- can detect very small amounts of bacterial DNA even in people without symptoms.
women - A swab taken from the cervix (the opening to the womb) or a urine sample.
men- A urine sample or a swab from the tip of the penis (urethral swab).
Treatment
Azithromycin, Doxycycline, Avoid sexual contact until you and your partner(s) have completed treatment
Sign and Symptoms
Unusual vaginal discharge, dysuria, pelvic pain,
painful urination, burning sensation in the urethra
Prevention
Virulence factors
outer membrane proteins - mediate adherence to host cells, particularly epithelial cells lining the genitals, rectum, or eyes
inclusion formation - The bacteria manipulate host cell processes to form this protected environment for growth and replication.
Nutrient acquisition - Some virulence factors function to acquire essential nutrients like amino acids and sugars from the host cytoplasm.
Causative agent
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gonorrhoea
Treatment
Single dose of 500mg of intramuscular ceftriaxone
Broad spectrum of cephalosporin
Diagnosis
Swab test ( urethra in men, cervix in women)
Urine Test
Gonorrhoea culture
Sign and Symptoms
Dysuria
Increased vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Rectal pain
Sore throat
Virulence Factor
Pilli
- allow them to adhere to the epithelial cells lining the urethra, cervix, rectum, pharynx, or conjunctiva.
Capsule
- helps them resist phagocytosis by white blood cells.
Iron Acquisition Proteins
- scavenge iron from the host, an essential nutrient for bacterial growth.
Resists Antibiotics
- Some strains of N. gonorrhoeae have become resistant to antibiotics through mutations in their genes or the acquisition of plasmids containing resistance genes.
Causative agent
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Prevention
Prevent illness / injuries
Healthy diet, exercise regularly
Viral STDs
Genital Herpes
Diagnosis
medical history and physical examination
viral culture, polymerase chain reaction test, blood test
Sign and symptoms
Small red bumps or blisters in the genital area,
Pain or burning sensation around the genitals,
Tingling or itching,
Flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes.
Virulence factor
Viral envelope glycoproteins, Fusion with host cell membranes
Treatment
Antiviral medication ( Acyclovir, Valacyclovir and Famciclovir)
Sitz baths, pain management medications
Causative agent
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV1, HSV2)
Prevention
Genital Warts
Sign and symptoms
Small bumps or growths
Itching or discomfort
Warts may appear singly or in clusters.
Genital warts can appear on the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum, or around the anus.
Virulence Factor
Human papillomavirus (HPV), the causative agent of genital warts, doesn't possess virulence factors in the same way that bacteria or viruses like HSV do. HPV doesn't directly invade host cells or replicate within them like many other infectious agents. Instead, HPV's ability to cause genital warts hinges on its effects on infected epithelial cells (skin cells)
Diagnosis
Visual examination
- This may involve using a magnifying glass or a special instrument called a colposcope for a clearer view, particularly for internal warts (on the cervix in women).
Biopsy
- In some cases, if the diagnosis is uncertain or there are concerns about precancerous changes, a small tissue sample (biopsy) might be taken for examination under a microscope. This is usually an outpatient procedure with minimal discomfort.
HPV testing
- While HPV tests can detect the presence of HPV infection, they are not routinely used for diagnosing genital warts themselves. HPV tests are more commonly used for cervical cancer screening in women.
Causative agent
human papillomavirus (HPV),
Treatment
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)
- a topical acidic solution applied directly to the warts during an office visit. It works by destroying wart tissue.
Cryotherapy
- uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy the wart tissue. It may cause some discomfort and blistering, but it's a relatively quick procedure.
Surgical Procedures
- In some cases, especially for larger or more persistent warts, surgical removal with a scalpel, laser, or electrosurgery might be recommended.
Prevention
HPV Vaccines -The most effective way to prevent genital warts is getting vaccinated against HPV.
Limiting Sexual Partners
Avoiding Sexual Contact During Outbreaks
References
Cleveland Clinic. (2023, April 6). Urinary Tract Infections . Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9135-urinary-tract-infections
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Leptospirosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/index.html
Group A Strep. (2019).
https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-hcp/post-streptococcal.html
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) - Infectious Diseases. (n.d.). MSD Manual Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/toxic-shock-syndrome-tss
Bacterial Vaginosis: What is it, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment. (2023, February 6). Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3963-bacterial-vaginosis
Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection
CDC. (2021, October 18). Detailed STD Facts - Gonorrhea. Www.cdc.gov.
https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea-detailed.htm#:~:text=What%20is%20gonorrhea%3F
Mayo Clinic. (2021b). Syphilis - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756