B11

Endocrine gland - The glands that produce the hormones that control many aspects of development and metabolism of the body and the hormones they produce

Pituitary gland

Controls growth in children

Stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine to control the rate of metabolism

In women - stimulates the ovaries to produce and release eggs and make the female sex hormone oestrogen

In men - stimulates the testes to make sperm and the males sex hormone testosterone

Thyroid

controls the metabolic rate of the body

Pancreas

They make insulin

controls levels of glucose in the blood

Adrenal

makes Adrenalin

Prepares the body for stressful situations - 'fight of flight' response

Ovaries

makes Oestrogen

controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle

Testes

Makes Testosterone

Controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm

Pancreas

It constantly monitors and controls your body glucose concentration using 2 hormones

Insulin

When your blood glucose concentration rises after eaten a meal, the pancreas produces insulin.

Insulin allows glucose to move from the blood into your cells where it is used

Glucagon

The control of your blood glucose doesn't involve insulin

When your blood glucose level falls below the ideal range the pancreas secretes another hormone called glucagon

Glucagon makes your liver break down glucagon, converting it back into glucose this way the glucose can be put back into your blood so it raises the level

Type 1 diabetes

This is when your pancreas does not make enough or no insulin, so the glucose concentration is not controlled

without insulin your blood glucose levels get very high after you eat

eventually, your kidneys excrete glucose and you become very thirsty

without insulin glucose cannot get into the cells of your body, so lack energy within the body and feel tired

Loose alot of weight with this disease as it used a lot of the bodies fat and protein as fuel instead.

Type 2 diabetes

Is very common type of diabetes, it gets more common as people get older and is often linked to obesity, lack of exercise or both

There is also strong genetic tendency to develop type 2

In type 2 diabetes the pancreas still makes insulin although it may make less than your body needs

Most importantly, your body cells stop responding properly to the insulin your make.

Ovaries

Menstrual cycle image

Each month, girl goes through the menstrual cycle

The main reproductive hormone is oestrogen

Between the ages of 8-14 we change - hair under our arms, the breast develop, the external gentials grow and the skin darkens, brain changes and matures, mature eggs start to form every month

eggs begin to mature in the ovary. At the same time the uterus produces a thickened lining ready for a pregnancy.

Every 28 days a mature egg is released this is called ovulation, if the egg is not fertilized around 14 days later the lining of the uterus is shed along with the egg

Hormones involved

FSH - causes the eggs in the ovary to mature (the eggs grow surrounded by cells called the follicle)

LH - stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation

Oestrogen and progesterone - stimulate the build - up and maintenance of the uterus lining

35 - 40 years the eggs run out and women go though a time of menopause which means they don't have periods and they are less fertile

Testes

The main male reproductive hormone is testosterone

As levels of testosterone rise all kinds of changes are triggered and the male secondary sexual characteristics develop, pubic hair, underarm hair and facial hair, larynx gets bigger and voice begins to break, brain matures, testes become more active

IVF process

  1. Fertility drugs are used to make lots of eggs mature at the same time for collection
  1. the eggs are collected and placed in a special solution in a petri dish
  1. A sample of semen is collected and the sperm and eggs are mixed in the petri dish
  1. The eggs are checked to make sure they have been fertilized and the early embryos are developing properly

When the fertilized eggs have formed tiny balls of cells, 1 or 2 of the tiny embryos are placed in the womb of the mother. Then if all goes well, at least one baby will grow and develop successfully.