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Crime and Deviance - Coggle Diagram

- - - - crime is functional for society
        
        reinforces value consensus
        
        creates jobs
        
        acts as a warning sign
        
        acts as a safety valve
        
        Davies
        
        use of sex workers maintains the nuclear family structure
    - - Strain theory
        
        people feel a strain to anomie when they cannot achieve mainstream goals
        
        ritualism
        
        retreatism
        
        rebellion
        
        conformity
        
        innovation
    - - Subcultural strain theory
        
        working class boys feel frustration at not gaining mainstream status
        
        form alternative status hierarchy to gain status
        
        drugs
        
        alcohol
        
        formation of deviant subcultures
        
        Cloward and Ohlin
        
        boys are not homogenous
        
        conflict subculture
        
        criminal subculture
        
        retreatist subculture
    - - +demonstrates beneficial aspects of criminality
      - -ignores perspectives of victims
      - -how much criminality is optimal?
      - doesn't explain crimes of passion
  - - - ideological law making
      - chambliss
        
        bourgeousie make law in self interest
    - - the state are reluctant to pass laws that regulate businesses
      - these laws would disadvantage them
    - - the criminal justice system is an ideological state apparatus
    - - caring face of capitalism
      - health and safety laws
    - - criminogenic capitalism
      - all social classes are commiting crime
    - - +acknowledges how social institutions serve the interests of powerful groups
      - -overfocuses on importance of social class
      - -there was still crime levels under communism
    - - lea and young
        
        subculture
        
        marginalisation
        
        alienation
      - capitalism can cause criminality, but people make a conscious choice to commit crime
      - jock young
        
        deviancy amplification
        
        study of marijuana users
        
        became more secretive due to reporting
  - - - lemert
        
        primary act
        
        the act of commiting a crime
        
        no label has been assigned to the act
        
        secondary deviance
        
        the social response to the crime
        
        a label has been assigned
      - braithwaite
        
        reintegrative shaming
        
        acknowledging the severity of the act
        
        attempt to reintegrate the individual back into society
        
        disintegrative shaming
        
        punishment and humiliation as a result of commiting a crime
        
        offender is more likely to reoffend
      - becker
        
        individual is assigned a label by a person with authority
        
        when internalised, this can become their master status
        
        when assigned a criminal or deviant label, this can control their behaviour and identity
      - Cohen
        
        when the media reports on a small scale crime, they use tactics to make a problem seem more widespread
        
        create a moral panic
        
        a result of increased media presence is increased reporting of the crime
        
        deviancy amplification spiral
        
        the mods and rockers
        
        Brighton, 1960s
    - - -not all people internalise labels
      - -opportunist crimes
  - - - key sociologists
        
        lea and young
        
        relative deprivation
        
        subculture
        
        marginalisation
      - crime prevention strategies
        
        community policing
        
        investment in compensatory education
    - - key sociologists
        
        moynihan
        
        inadequate socialisation of the working class into mainstream values
        
        clarke
        
        rational choice theory
        
        murray
        
        biological factors
        
        cultural deprivation
        
        wilson and kelling
        
        broken windows theory
        
        crime prevention strategies
        
        zero tolerance policing
        
        designing out
        
        target hardening
        
        situational crime prevention
        
        environmental crime prevention
- - - - inadequate socialisation of ethnic minorities
    - - gang culture amongst black youths
      - lack of father figures
    - - canteen culture in the police force
      - police use bias against minorities to joke and cope with the demands of the job
    - - the Lammy report highlighted institutional racism in the CJS
      - black people over prosecuted
    - - ethnic minority crime is an act of resistance
      - fighting against colonial rule
      - -first generation immigrants followed the rules strictly
    - - bourgeousie rule by consent
      - use media and moral panics to keep the proletariat in submission
      - the 'black mugger'
    - - official statistics highlight the truth in ethnic crime differences
      - marginalisation and oppression causes criminality
    - - context of ethnic groups cannot be neglected
- - - - chivalry thesis
      - women commit same levels of crime as men, but are less likely to be prosecuted
      - men are socialised to be chivalrous to women
    - - as women become liberated, they will commit more serious crime at the same rates as men
      - liberation thesis
    - - women are controlled in all aspects of life
      - lack of opportunity to commit crime
      - women are judged based on the perception of them as wives and mothers
    - - class and gender deal
      - women are rewarded for conforming to societal norms
      - women who do not have a family or a good life are more likely to commit crime
    - - sex role theory
      - men are socialised with an absent father figure
      - compensatory compulsory masculinity
      - women are socialised to be emotive, therefore less likely to commit crime
    - - men will commit crime as an expression of masculinity
      - gain alternative status in society
    - - low level crimes provide sneaky thrills
      - shoplifting
- - - - primary green crime
        
        an act that direclty harms the environment
        
        pollution
        
        deforestation
      - secondary green crime
        
        an act that indirectly harms the environment
    - - anthropocentric humanity view
      - ecocentric view
    - - lynch
      - considers green crime as harm, not illegal
      - believes definition should be more broad
      - transgressive approach
    - - global ecological collapse due to excessive overconsumption of goods
    - - globalisation
      - legislation
    - - greenpeace ship
        
        blown up, killing two
        
        blocking nuclear weapon testing
      - Southern Water
        
        pumping sewage into rivers
    - - global risk consciousness
      - manufactured risk
  - - - Guantanemo bay prison
      - shut by biden in 2022
      - used 'enhanced interrogation techniques'
    - - Adorno
        
        authoritarian personalities
      - Bauman
        
        features of modernity resulted in the holocaust
      - Mclaughlin
        
        political
        
        state
        
        social
      - Cohen
        
        spiral of denial
        
        neutralisation techniques
        
        techniques used to justify state crime
  - - - greer and reiner
        
        tabloids dedicate more time to sexual and violent crimes
        
        generates interest
      - newburn
        
        news is exaggerative of offenders and police success
      - jewkes
        
        news values
        
        internet has given new opportunities to commit crime
      - wall
        
        cyber trespass
        
        cyber violence
        
        cyber theft
        
        cyber pornography
      - cohen
        
        moral panics
        
        deviancy amplification
      - hayward and young
        
        media blurs reality
        
        police TV shows
      - Gerber
        
        viewers of TV have bigger fear of being victims
      - peelo
        
        murder and sex crimes are heavily represented in the media
    - - XL Bullies
      - lucy letby case
    - - dickinson
        
        tabloids dedicate 30% of coverage to crimes
      - 1/4 - 1/3 of news is crime now
    - - hypodermic syringe
      - catharsis
      - sensitisation
- - - - 13 characteristic of people most likely to be a victim of crime
    - - victim precipitation
      - 26% of Philadelphia murder victims began the chain of events
- - - - restitutive justice
      - retributive justice
    - - repressive state apparatus
    - - crime reflects the economic base
      - fines in money centred economy
    - - value consensus
      - incapacitation
      - justice
      - rehabilitation
    - - penal populism
      - criminality used by politicians to be elected
    - - 5.42b
        
        funding for prisons per year
      - 132.32
        
        cost of a day in prison
  - - - foucault
        
        panopticon
        
        the illusion of surveillance causes people to self regulate their behaviour
      - mathesian
        
        synoptican
        
        people watch each other's behaviour 24/7
      - hirschi
        
        control theory
        
        people are rewarded for conforming to societal norms
        
        too much to lose by commiting crime
    - - panopticon
      - synopticon
      - community policing
      - zero tolerance policing
      - investment in education
      - target hardening