Crime and Deviance

Crime and ethnicity

key sociologists

trends and patterns

case studies

Stephen Lawrence murder

died in a racially motivated attack

police failed to follow up significant leads

MacPherson report exposed institutional racism amongst the police force

Moynihan

inadequate socialisation of ethnic minorities

Sewell

gang culture amongst black youths

lack of father figures

Reiner / Holdaway

canteen culture in the police force

police use bias against minorities to joke and cope with the demands of the job

Lammy

the Lammy report highlighted institutional racism in the CJS

black people over prosecuted

Gilroy

ethnic minority crime is an act of resistance

fighting against colonial rule

Hall

bourgeousie rule by consent

use media and moral panics to keep the proletariat in submission

the 'black mugger'

Lea and young

official statistics highlight the truth in ethnic crime differences

marginalisation and oppression causes criminality

Phillips and Bowling

context of ethnic groups cannot be neglected

black people are 7% more likely to be stopped and searched

black people make up 25% of the prison population

-first generation immigrants followed the rules strictly

crime and gender

key sociologists

trends and patterns

case studies

Lavinia Woodward

stabbed her ex boyfriend

judge did not give her a prison sentence for fear that it would ruin her career

Pollack

chivalry thesis

women commit same levels of crime as men, but are less likely to be prosecuted

men are socialised to be chivalrous to women

Adler

as women become liberated, they will commit more serious crime at the same rates as men

liberation thesis

Heidensohn

women are controlled in all aspects of life

lack of opportunity to commit crime

Carlen

class and gender deal

women are rewarded for conforming to societal norms

women who do not have a family or a good life are more likely to commit crime

women are judged based on the perception of them as wives and mothers

Parsons

sex role theory

men are socialised with an absent father figure

compensatory compulsory masculinity

women are socialised to be emotive, therefore less likely to commit crime

Messerschmidt

men will commit crime as an expression of masculinity

gain alternative status in society

65% of police officers are men

men commit 80% of reported crimes

men make up 95% of the prison population

Katz

low level crimes provide sneaky thrills

shoplifting

Victimology

positivist victimology

Von Hentig

13 characteristic of people most likely to be a victim of crime

Wolfgang

victim precipitation

26% of Philadelphia murder victims began the chain of events

victim is partially responsible for their own victimhood

critical victimology

structural factors determine victim status

the state has the power to assign or remove label of victimhood

types of crime

green

state

media

perspectives of crime

South

primary green crime

secondary green crime

White

anthropocentric humanity view

ecocentric view

green criminology

lynch

Sato

global ecological collapse due to excessive overconsumption of goods

an act that direclty harms the environment

pollution

deforestation

an act that indirectly harms the environment

what causes it

case studies

greenpeace ship

blown up, killing two

blocking nuclear weapon testing

Southern Water

pumping sewage into rivers

globalisation

legislation

beck

global risk consciousness

manufactured risk

considers green crime as harm, not illegal

believes definition should be more broad

transgressive approach

Case studies

Guantanemo bay prison

shut by biden in 2022

used 'enhanced interrogation techniques'

key sociologists

Adorno

authoritarian personalities

Bauman

features of modernity resulted in the holocaust

Mclaughlin

political

state

social

Cohen

spiral of denial

neutralisation techniques

techniques used to justify state crime

crime and class

crime prevention techniques

functionalism

Durkheim

crime is functional for society

reinforces value consensus

creates jobs

acts as a warning sign

acts as a safety valve

Davies

use of sex workers maintains the nuclear family structure

Merton

Strain theory

people feel a strain to anomie when they cannot achieve mainstream goals

ritualism

retreatism

rebellion

conformity

innovation

Cohen

Subcultural strain theory

working class boys feel frustration at not gaining mainstream status

form alternative status hierarchy to gain status

drugs

alcohol

formation of deviant subcultures

Cloward and Ohlin

boys are not homogenous

conflict subculture

criminal subculture

retreatist subculture

evaluate

+demonstrates beneficial aspects of criminality

-ignores perspectives of victims

-how much criminality is optimal?

doesn't explain crimes of passion

marxism

box

ideological law making

chambliss

bourgeousie make law in self interest

Snider

the state are reluctant to pass laws that regulate businesses

althusser

the criminal justice system is an ideological state apparatus

Pearce

caring face of capitalism

health and safety laws

Gordon

criminogenic capitalism

all social classes are commiting crime

these laws would disadvantage them

evaluate

+acknowledges how social institutions serve the interests of powerful groups

-overfocuses on importance of social class

-there was still crime levels under communism

social action theory

key sociologists

evaluate

lemert

primary act

secondary deviance

the act of commiting a crime

no label has been assigned to the act

the social response to the crime

a label has been assigned

braithwaite

reintegrative shaming

acknowledging the severity of the act

attempt to reintegrate the individual back into society

disintegrative shaming

punishment and humiliation as a result of commiting a crime

offender is more likely to reoffend

becker

individual is assigned a label by a person with authority

when internalised, this can become their master status

when assigned a criminal or deviant label, this can control their behaviour and identity

Cohen

when the media reports on a small scale crime, they use tactics to make a problem seem more widespread

create a moral panic

a result of increased media presence is increased reporting of the crime

deviancy amplification spiral

the mods and rockers

Brighton, 1960s

-not all people internalise labels

-opportunist crimes

neo marxism

lea and young

capitalism can cause criminality, but people make a conscious choice to commit crime

subculture

marginalisation

alienation

jock young

deviancy amplification

study of marijuana users

became more secretive due to reporting

realism

left realism

right realism

key sociologists

moynihan

inadequate socialisation of the working class into mainstream values

clarke

rational choice theory

murray

biological factors

cultural deprivation

wilson and kelling

broken windows theory

crime prevention strategies

zero tolerance policing

designing out

target hardening

situational crime prevention

environmental crime prevention

key sociologists

crime prevention strategies

community policing

investment in compensatory education

lea and young

relative deprivation

subculture

marginalisation

punishment

prevention

key sociologists

examples

panopticon

synopticon

community policing

zero tolerance policing

investment in education

target hardening

foucault

panopticon

the illusion of surveillance causes people to self regulate their behaviour

durkheim

althusser

rusche and kircheimer

mathesian

synoptican

people watch each other's behaviour 24/7

restitutive justice

retributive justice

newburn

repressive state apparatus

value consensus

incapacitation

justice

rehabilitation

hirschi

control theory

people are rewarded for conforming to societal norms

too much to lose by commiting crime

crime reflects the economic base

fines in money centred economy

garland

penal populism

criminality used by politicians to be elected

key statistics

5.42b

funding for prisons per year

132.32

cost of a day in prison

key sociologists

examples

statistics

greer and reiner

tabloids dedicate more time to sexual and violent crimes

generates interest

newburn

news is exaggerative of offenders and police success

jewkes

news values

perspectives

hypodermic syringe

catharsis

sensitisation

dickinson

tabloids dedicate 30% of coverage to crimes

1/4 - 1/3 of news is crime now

wall

cyber trespass

cyber violence

cyber theft

cyber pornography

internet has given new opportunities to commit crime

cohen

moral panics

deviancy amplification

hayward and young

media blurs reality

police TV shows

Gerber

viewers of TV have bigger fear of being victims

peelo

murder and sex crimes are heavily represented in the media

XL Bullies

lucy letby case