Crime and Deviance
Crime and ethnicity
key sociologists
trends and patterns
case studies
Stephen Lawrence murder
died in a racially motivated attack
police failed to follow up significant leads
MacPherson report exposed institutional racism amongst the police force
Moynihan
inadequate socialisation of ethnic minorities
Sewell
gang culture amongst black youths
lack of father figures
Reiner / Holdaway
canteen culture in the police force
police use bias against minorities to joke and cope with the demands of the job
Lammy
the Lammy report highlighted institutional racism in the CJS
black people over prosecuted
Gilroy
ethnic minority crime is an act of resistance
fighting against colonial rule
Hall
bourgeousie rule by consent
use media and moral panics to keep the proletariat in submission
the 'black mugger'
Lea and young
official statistics highlight the truth in ethnic crime differences
marginalisation and oppression causes criminality
Phillips and Bowling
context of ethnic groups cannot be neglected
black people are 7% more likely to be stopped and searched
black people make up 25% of the prison population
-first generation immigrants followed the rules strictly
crime and gender
key sociologists
trends and patterns
case studies
Lavinia Woodward
stabbed her ex boyfriend
judge did not give her a prison sentence for fear that it would ruin her career
Pollack
chivalry thesis
women commit same levels of crime as men, but are less likely to be prosecuted
men are socialised to be chivalrous to women
Adler
as women become liberated, they will commit more serious crime at the same rates as men
liberation thesis
Heidensohn
women are controlled in all aspects of life
lack of opportunity to commit crime
Carlen
class and gender deal
women are rewarded for conforming to societal norms
women who do not have a family or a good life are more likely to commit crime
women are judged based on the perception of them as wives and mothers
Parsons
sex role theory
men are socialised with an absent father figure
compensatory compulsory masculinity
women are socialised to be emotive, therefore less likely to commit crime
Messerschmidt
men will commit crime as an expression of masculinity
gain alternative status in society
65% of police officers are men
men commit 80% of reported crimes
men make up 95% of the prison population
Katz
low level crimes provide sneaky thrills
shoplifting
Victimology
positivist victimology
Von Hentig
13 characteristic of people most likely to be a victim of crime
Wolfgang
victim precipitation
26% of Philadelphia murder victims began the chain of events
victim is partially responsible for their own victimhood
critical victimology
structural factors determine victim status
the state has the power to assign or remove label of victimhood
types of crime
green
state
media
perspectives of crime
South
primary green crime
secondary green crime
White
anthropocentric humanity view
ecocentric view
green criminology
lynch
Sato
global ecological collapse due to excessive overconsumption of goods
an act that direclty harms the environment
pollution
deforestation
an act that indirectly harms the environment
what causes it
case studies
greenpeace ship
blown up, killing two
blocking nuclear weapon testing
Southern Water
pumping sewage into rivers
globalisation
legislation
beck
global risk consciousness
manufactured risk
considers green crime as harm, not illegal
believes definition should be more broad
transgressive approach
Case studies
Guantanemo bay prison
shut by biden in 2022
used 'enhanced interrogation techniques'
key sociologists
Adorno
authoritarian personalities
Bauman
features of modernity resulted in the holocaust
Mclaughlin
political
state
social
Cohen
spiral of denial
neutralisation techniques
techniques used to justify state crime
crime and class
crime prevention techniques
functionalism
Durkheim
crime is functional for society
reinforces value consensus
creates jobs
acts as a warning sign
acts as a safety valve
Davies
use of sex workers maintains the nuclear family structure
Merton
Strain theory
people feel a strain to anomie when they cannot achieve mainstream goals
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion
conformity
innovation
Cohen
Subcultural strain theory
working class boys feel frustration at not gaining mainstream status
form alternative status hierarchy to gain status
drugs
alcohol
formation of deviant subcultures
Cloward and Ohlin
boys are not homogenous
conflict subculture
criminal subculture
retreatist subculture
evaluate
+demonstrates beneficial aspects of criminality
-ignores perspectives of victims
-how much criminality is optimal?
doesn't explain crimes of passion
marxism
box
ideological law making
chambliss
bourgeousie make law in self interest
Snider
the state are reluctant to pass laws that regulate businesses
althusser
the criminal justice system is an ideological state apparatus
Pearce
caring face of capitalism
health and safety laws
Gordon
criminogenic capitalism
all social classes are commiting crime
these laws would disadvantage them
evaluate
+acknowledges how social institutions serve the interests of powerful groups
-overfocuses on importance of social class
-there was still crime levels under communism
social action theory
key sociologists
evaluate
lemert
primary act
secondary deviance
the act of commiting a crime
no label has been assigned to the act
the social response to the crime
a label has been assigned
braithwaite
reintegrative shaming
acknowledging the severity of the act
attempt to reintegrate the individual back into society
disintegrative shaming
punishment and humiliation as a result of commiting a crime
offender is more likely to reoffend
becker
individual is assigned a label by a person with authority
when internalised, this can become their master status
when assigned a criminal or deviant label, this can control their behaviour and identity
Cohen
when the media reports on a small scale crime, they use tactics to make a problem seem more widespread
create a moral panic
a result of increased media presence is increased reporting of the crime
deviancy amplification spiral
the mods and rockers
Brighton, 1960s
-not all people internalise labels
-opportunist crimes
neo marxism
lea and young
capitalism can cause criminality, but people make a conscious choice to commit crime
subculture
marginalisation
alienation
jock young
deviancy amplification
study of marijuana users
became more secretive due to reporting
realism
left realism
right realism
key sociologists
moynihan
inadequate socialisation of the working class into mainstream values
clarke
rational choice theory
murray
biological factors
cultural deprivation
wilson and kelling
broken windows theory
crime prevention strategies
zero tolerance policing
designing out
target hardening
situational crime prevention
environmental crime prevention
key sociologists
crime prevention strategies
community policing
investment in compensatory education
lea and young
relative deprivation
subculture
marginalisation
punishment
prevention
key sociologists
examples
panopticon
synopticon
community policing
zero tolerance policing
investment in education
target hardening
foucault
panopticon
the illusion of surveillance causes people to self regulate their behaviour
durkheim
althusser
rusche and kircheimer
mathesian
synoptican
people watch each other's behaviour 24/7
restitutive justice
retributive justice
newburn
repressive state apparatus
value consensus
incapacitation
justice
rehabilitation
hirschi
control theory
people are rewarded for conforming to societal norms
too much to lose by commiting crime
crime reflects the economic base
fines in money centred economy
garland
penal populism
criminality used by politicians to be elected
key statistics
5.42b
funding for prisons per year
132.32
cost of a day in prison
key sociologists
examples
statistics
greer and reiner
tabloids dedicate more time to sexual and violent crimes
generates interest
newburn
news is exaggerative of offenders and police success
jewkes
news values
perspectives
hypodermic syringe
catharsis
sensitisation
dickinson
tabloids dedicate 30% of coverage to crimes
1/4 - 1/3 of news is crime now
wall
cyber trespass
cyber violence
cyber theft
cyber pornography
internet has given new opportunities to commit crime
cohen
moral panics
deviancy amplification
hayward and young
media blurs reality
police TV shows
Gerber
viewers of TV have bigger fear of being victims
peelo
murder and sex crimes are heavily represented in the media
XL Bullies
lucy letby case