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Unit 13 Adolescents, teenagers, and youth - Coggle Diagram
Unit 13 Adolescents, teenagers, and youth
the invention of the teenager
linked to social, economic and demographic change in usa
1920's saw change in US as most 14 year olds left, after great depression less jolbs more staying on at school
similar in uk, school leaving age increased
many saw 'teenagers' as pottential challlange to social order4
he idea that teenagers are always difficult drew on earlier research published by Stanley Hall in the USA in 1904 which saw adolescence as an inevitable and unchanging time of storm and stress for both the individual and society
Understanding young people’s views of adolescence
Parents and carers often report finding this a challenging stage of development where
they feel less involved in their child’s life
(Blakemore, 2019a).
conflicting attitudes across society,
young people gain permission to engage in adult activities
indicate that our understanding of adolescence is varied
teens views of adolescence
Vaghi and Emmot (2018 , p. 3)
Adolescence is a time of growth and freedom but also increased responsibility.
Adolescence can be an awkward time, somewhere between childhood and adulthood, which can lead to uncertainties and anxiety.
Educational progress is an important marker for life transitions
Financial independence was the ultimate marker of adulthood.
Brain and body: A time of rapid transformation
the brain changes substantially through and beyond adolescence,
physical changes, adolescents also begin to think and process information in different ways.
formal operational stage,
t characterises the young person’s growing capacity to think in more abstract and hypothetical terms ( Inhelder and Piaget, 1958 ).
executive functions’, including decision making skills, self-awareness, and the understanding
of others.
During adolescence, pubertal hormones oestrogen and testosterone affect the brain’s
plasticity.
prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped and still maturing during late adolescence and into early adulthood.
Adolescence and mental health
pattern mental health challenges during
adolescence.Blakemore
Blakemore (2019b) describes how during adolescence, the prefrontal cortex
reshaped, and at the same time, the limbic system, which is responsible for emotion, is exceptionally active.
young people particularly sensitive to adversity
Blakemore calls for a reframing of how adolescence is understood.
attention to the need to understand and support young people to engage, participate, and learn through formal
Adolescence marks a period of vulnerability to mental health problems, reflecting considerable social and neurobiological change
Adolescence involves considerable social, cognitive, and neurobiological transformation.
Greater risk-taking behaviour in adolescence can be understood as an adaptive
development supporting transition into adulthood.
Self and social relationships
An intense focus on peers
transition to early adolescence is an increasing focus on peers.
ime spent with peers increases dramatically, leading to less time with parents, family,
and other adults ( Larson and Richards, 1991 )
acception becomes important ( Brown, 2004 )
greater self-consciousness in early adolescence, and
the need to receive peer acceptance has powerful effects on adolescents’ behaviour.
As Blakemore (2019a) and her colleagues have shown in many studies of risk-taking,
adolescents are hypersensitive to social exclusion
symbolic, one-sided social ties’ with celebrities and ‘influencers’ that they conceive of as a
friendship or relationship ( Gleason, Theran and Newberg, 2017 , p. 1),
family members and caring relationships as most important, more so than they do
friends (Tatlow-Golden and Guerin, 2017).
Shifting selves, identities, and self-esteem
Adolescence brings many shifts in the self-concept and selfesteem.
newly developed cognitive ability for more abstract thinking contributes to self-concept development
oung adolescents can have contradictory ideas about
themselves, such as ‘I hate the world’ or ‘I am a happy person’, but they have often not developed self-awareness about these contradictions or how to resolve them
( Harter, 2012 ).
adolescent transition involves developing multiple identities as part of
the overall self-concept because it is socially essential
autobiographical self’ becomes richer, as a collection of stories
and memories about the self deepens with adolescent memory and abilities to reason.
Body image and the sense of self
articular importance in adolescence
is how we look.
perceptions of appearance are often a powerful predictor of selfesteem ( Harter, 2012 ).
media and peers generally influence self-evaluations of appearance
Building self and identity in a digital era
how adolescents develop identities and
an overall self-concept in their new ‘hybrid reality’
online worlds connect ‘dynamically and interactively . . . in a single holistic context’
( Granic, Morita and Scholten, 2020 , p. 196)
Transforming themselves, transforming society
Teenagers changed society after the
Second World War.
civil rights movements
protestors
Climate change has also brought extremely influential teenage activists to the fore.
teenage activist Greta Thunberg
not always sufficiently
acknowledged and celebrated.