Digestive & Urinary System
Karla Ruiz Moran
Anatomy and Physiology 3rd period.
https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/what-is-urology/how-does-your-urinary-tract-work-video
Major organs of the urinary systems 
Major organs of the digestive system
Major functions of the digestive system
Major functions of the urinary system
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Peptic Ulcers; Sores developing in the lining of stomach. Due to imbalances of gastric juice or bacterial infection. Symptoms include heartburn, severe chest pain, and blood vomit. There is a life style change that may have to be processed.
Colon disease: Polypsgrowths (age heridty or history) change in bowel and diet changes can help. Diverticulitis Pouches on the wall of colon, age infection or diet. Creates llq pain, fever and bloody stool. Antibitiotics can be taken.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a chronic intestinal condition that can cause inflammation in the digestive tract. The cause is unknown but factors like genetic or immune/environment are a cause. Abdominal pain, cramping and diarrhea can be common side effects. Medication can help.
Bladder cancer: cells in bladder stay to grow out of control. This could be family history or radiation. Can cause pain when urine is stored or back pain. Surgery and chemotherapy might be helpful.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Diseases: also known as a chronic disease that occurs in esophageal sphincter relaxation and allows the stomach contents to move back into the esophagus. This is caused by acid reflux, weekend esophageal sphincter or obesity. Coudl potential create a felling of heart burnt and chest pain. Over counter medication and surgery can help.
UTI: abnormal bacteria growth anywhere in tract. Previous UTI, or sexual activity can create this. Pain and a burning sensation can be symptoms but could be treated with medication.
Chocecystitis: is also known as an inflammation of the gallbladder that is caused by gallstones, diet, or blockage of ducts. Symptoms can include tender abdomen, sweating, nausea. Treatment is availbale and can be treated by antibiotics or medication.
Kidney stones; pebbles in one or both kidneys. causesd by obesity, weight loss or little water that can cause severe pain, blood in urine and vomiting. Urology, uteroscopy can help.
Mechanical digestion: breaks down food in smaller pieces, this could be mastication.
Chemical digestion: break nutrients into smaller pieces. This could happen in the stomach.
Alimentary canal is 8 meters and it goes from mouth to anus.
accessory glands help with the digestion of all of this nutrients.
Carries out process of digestion through the body
Small Intestines: absorbs nutrients from chyme in the bloodstream. Villi is in the inner walls of the stomach to make the food move at a faster pace.
Liver: produces bile, absorption of fats.
Stomach: organ that secretes gastric juice to breakdown food. Part of chemical digestion
Gallbladder: stores bile
Esophagus: transports food to stomach (peristalsis) movement
Pancreas: pancreatic juice which break down carbohydrates fats and proteins
Mouth: begin process of digestion by mastication and mixing saliva created a mixture called bolus
Large Intestines: (colon) absorbs water and electrolytes from food. forms feces
Rectum: store feces
Anus: expels feces
Urethra: helps transport urine to outside of the body.
Urinary Bladder: stores urine until it is ready to be released by the body.
Ureters: transports urine into the bladder. This process also uses peristaltic contractions
Kidneys: filters waste product from blood to form urine.
helps control blood pressure in the body
concentration of water and electrolytes
helps control Red Blood cells production
Organs of the urinary work together to help get rid of all water and expel urine after the urinary bladder is full
filter salts and wastes from blood to make urine
helps regualte pH and body fluid volume in the body.
creates feces that contribute to the expel of waste in the body through anus.
eliminates waste in the body.
absorbs nutrients into bloodstream.
helps create energy for our daily activities.
immune function through GALT
Muscularis Extrerna: smoth muscle, responsible for peristalsis. 2 layers of smooth muscles. inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.
Serosa: outermost layer. involves protection and support. Secretes serous fluid to reduce friction.
Submucosa: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and neveres are contains here. Under the mucusa. loose connective tissue.
Stomach:
Mucosa: innermost layer. secretion, absorpoion and protection.
Cardia: first portion of stomach, nearest to esophagus.
Fundus second portion at the tip of the stomach
Body: contains HCI (acid) to digestive food particles completely
Pylorus: pyloric canal, pyloric antrum: closest to duodenum.
Nucleic Acid: digestion occurs in the small intestines. The absorption occurs I small intestine as well and then are transported into the bloodstream.
Fats (lipids: digestion is primarily in the small intestine with bile which is secreted by the liver and the absoption occurs in the small intestine as well.
Proteins: Digestion: digestion starts in stomach with gastric enzymes. Followwed by a path to the small intestines. The absorption takes place also in the small intestines.
Carbohydrates: Digestive starts in the mouth and is set into the small intestine. The absorption is in the small instestines.
Pancreatic Lipase: In pancreas which helps break down fats into fatty acids.
Proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, process is in pancreas and helps break down protein into peptides.
Nucleases: In pancreas which helps break down nucleic acids
Peptides: In intestinal mucosal cells, breaks down peptides into amino acids.
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase: intestinal mucosal cells, breaks down fats into fatty acids.
Enterokinase: intestinal mucosal cells: trypsinogen into trypin.
Pancreatic Amylase: In the pancreas which breaks down startch into disaccharides
Pepsin: Gastric chief cells: begins protein digestion
Salivary Amylase - salivary glands: begins carbohydrates digestion; helps break down starch
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Anatomy; urine formation
Proximal Convoluted Tubule PCT: reabsorbtion of water, ions, and nutrients
Nephron Loop: loop looks like U
Glomerular Capsule: proximal expanded end of renal tubes.
thin descending limb: permeable to water
ascending limb: permeable to ions
Distal Convoluted Tubule : resorption of ions
Collecting Duct: recieves filtrates
Physiology
functional unit of Kidney which produces urinary independently
1 million nephrons in each kidney
consist of renal corpsule: first step of urine formation
helps filtrate when blood enters the glomerulus
reabsorption filtrate subastamce moves throig renal Tubule
secretion during the process of substances like drugs or toxins
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Renal Corpsule: includes Glomerulus and Glomerular Capsule
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Renal Tubule: Proximal convulted Tubule, nephron loop ascending and descending. Distal convoluted tubule.
Concentration to effectively concentrate urine
Regulation: hormonal