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Digestive & Urinary System
Karla Ruiz Moran
Anatomy and Physiology…
Major organs of the urinary systems 
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Major organs of the digestive system
Small Intestines: absorbs nutrients from chyme in the bloodstream. Villi is in the inner walls of the stomach to make the food move at a faster pace.
Liver: produces bile, absorption of fats.
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Major functions of the digestive system
Mechanical digestion: breaks down food in smaller pieces, this could be mastication.
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Major functions of the urinary system
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Organs of the urinary work together to help get rid of all water and expel urine after the urinary bladder is full
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Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
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Proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, process is in pancreas and helps break down protein into peptides.
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Peptides: In intestinal mucosal cells, breaks down peptides into amino acids.
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase: intestinal mucosal cells, breaks down fats into fatty acids.
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Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Nucleic Acid: digestion occurs in the small intestines. The absorption occurs I small intestine as well and then are transported into the bloodstream.
Fats (lipids: digestion is primarily in the small intestine with bile which is secreted by the liver and the absoption occurs in the small intestine as well.
Proteins: Digestion: digestion starts in stomach with gastric enzymes. Followwed by a path to the small intestines. The absorption takes place also in the small intestines.
Carbohydrates: Digestive starts in the mouth and is set into the small intestine. The absorption is in the small instestines.
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Muscularis Extrerna: smoth muscle, responsible for peristalsis. 2 layers of smooth muscles. inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.
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Submucosa: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and neveres are contains here. Under the mucusa. loose connective tissue.
Stomach:
Cardia: first portion of stomach, nearest to esophagus.
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Pylorus: pyloric canal, pyloric antrum: closest to duodenum.
Mucosa: innermost layer. secretion, absorpoion and protection.
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Peptic Ulcers; Sores developing in the lining of stomach. Due to imbalances of gastric juice or bacterial infection. Symptoms include heartburn, severe chest pain, and blood vomit. There is a life style change that may have to be processed.
Colon disease: Polypsgrowths (age heridty or history) change in bowel and diet changes can help. Diverticulitis Pouches on the wall of colon, age infection or diet. Creates llq pain, fever and bloody stool. Antibitiotics can be taken.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a chronic intestinal condition that can cause inflammation in the digestive tract. The cause is unknown but factors like genetic or immune/environment are a cause. Abdominal pain, cramping and diarrhea can be common side effects. Medication can help.
Bladder cancer: cells in bladder stay to grow out of control. This could be family history or radiation. Can cause pain when urine is stored or back pain. Surgery and chemotherapy might be helpful.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Diseases: also known as a chronic disease that occurs in esophageal sphincter relaxation and allows the stomach contents to move back into the esophagus. This is caused by acid reflux, weekend esophageal sphincter or obesity. Coudl potential create a felling of heart burnt and chest pain. Over counter medication and surgery can help.
UTI: abnormal bacteria growth anywhere in tract. Previous UTI, or sexual activity can create this. Pain and a burning sensation can be symptoms but could be treated with medication.
Chocecystitis: is also known as an inflammation of the gallbladder that is caused by gallstones, diet, or blockage of ducts. Symptoms can include tender abdomen, sweating, nausea. Treatment is availbale and can be treated by antibiotics or medication.
Kidney stones; pebbles in one or both kidneys. causesd by obesity, weight loss or little water that can cause severe pain, blood in urine and vomiting. Urology, uteroscopy can help.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Anatomy; urine formation
Proximal Convoluted Tubule PCT: reabsorbtion of water, ions, and nutrients
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Renal Tubule: Proximal convulted Tubule, nephron loop ascending and descending. Distal convoluted tubule.
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