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Digestive and Urinary Systems Leslie Vargas-Gonzalez | Period 5 - Coggle…

- - - - Salivary Glands
        
        dissolves food chemicals for taste
      - Teeth
        
        mastication: process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments
      - Tongue
        
        gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing
        
        formation of bolus, mixture of food and saliva
        
        initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste
  - - - Duodenum: curves around head of pancreas; first region
      - Jejunum: attached posteriorly by mesentery; second part
      - Iieum: attached posteriorly by mesentery; joins large intestine at ileocecal valve
    - - Segmentation: mixes/moves contents toward ileocecal valve
      - Between Meals
        
        peristalsis increases, initiated by rise in hormone motilin
      - Ileicecal valve control
        
        ileocecal sphincter relaxes and admits chyme into large intesting
        
        ileocecal valve flaps close when chyme exerts backwards pressure
  - - - last segment of large intestine that opens to body exterior at anus
        
        Internal anal sphincter
        
        external anal sphincter
- - - - tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
      - filtrate: plasma-covered fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
    - - cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
  - - - functions in reabsorption and secretion
    - - U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs
      - Desending Limb
        
        reabsorption: H2O
      - Asecnding Limb
        
        secretion: urea | reabsorption: Na+, K+, CI-
    - - function more in secretion than reaborption
      - Collecting Ducts
        
        Intercalated Cells
        
        A & B help mantain acid-base balance of blood
        
        Principal Cells
        
        Maintain water and Na+ balance
        
        Collecting ducts receive filtrate from many nephrons
        
        ducts fuse together to deliever urine through papillae into minor calyces
- - - - stomach → small intestine → cells of small intestine
    - - amino acids are absorbed via contransport with Na+
        
        some dipeptides are tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed to amino acids within the cells
        
        amino acids leave the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood i the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
  - - - mouth → stomach → liver → pancreas
    - - fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells via diffusion
        
        fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined to form triglycerides and then combined with other lipids and proteins within the cells
        
        the chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi ad are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic duct
        
        some short-chain fatty acids are absorbed, move into the capillary blood in the villi by diffusion, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
  - - - Mouth → small intestine → cells of small intestine
    - - glucose and galactose are absorbed via cotransport with Na+
        
        Fructose passes via facilitated diffusion
        
        all monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
  - - - units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers
        
        units are absorbed into cappilary blood in the vili and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
    - - pancreas → cells of small intestine
- - - - muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
    - - expands and rises superiorly during filling w/out significant rise in internal pressure
        
        moderately full bladder is ~12cm long and can hold ~500ml
        
        can hold twice as much if necessary but can burst if overdistended
  - - - regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
        
        regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
        
        ensuring long-term acid-base balance
        
        Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
        
        producing erythropoietin
        
        activating vitamin D
        
        carrying gluconeogenesis, if needed
- - - - an extra 3rd layer oblique (diagonal) layer- smooth muscles allow stomach not only chum, mix, and move chyme, but also to pummel it, which increases physical breakdown and ram it into small intestine
    - - secrete two -layer coat of alkaline mucus
        
        surface layer traps bicarbonate-rich fluid layer that is beneath it
        
        dotted with gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands produces gastric juice