Digestive and Urinary Systems

Leslie Vargas-Gonzalez | Period 5

Distal Convoluted tubule

Major Functions of the Urinary System

Major Functions of the Digestive System

Major Organs of the Digestive System

Nephron Anatomy & Physiology

Location of the Digestion & Absorption of Each Macromolecules

Major Organs of the Urinary System

Disorders

Layers of the GI Tract (including stomach)

Digestive Enzymes

rid body of any indigestible remains

absorb molecules into the bloodstream

break it down into nutrient molecules

take in food

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Mouth

oral orifice is the anterior opening; mouth is where food is chewed and mixed w/ enzyme-containing saliva that begins the process of digestion, and swallowing process is finished

Associated Organs

Salivary Glands

Teeth

Tongue

gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing

formation of bolus, mixture of food and saliva
initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste

dissolves food chemicals for taste

mastication: process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments

allows passage of food, fluidds, and air

fat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach

keeps orifice closed when food is not being swallowed

temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion

Small Intestine

Liver

Pancreas

Gallbladder

digstive function is production of bile

store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and ions

supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neurtraliza stomach acid

Major organ of digestion and absorption

Large Intestine

propulsion of feces to anus and defecation (mass movements force feces toward rectum)
reabsorption of vitamins, water, and electrolytes

Duodenum: curves around head of pancreas; first region

Jejunum: attached posteriorly by mesentery; second part

Iieum: attached posteriorly by mesentery; joins large intestine at ileocecal valve

takes 3-6 hours in small intestine to absorb all nutrients and most water

Segmentation: mixes/moves contents toward ileocecal valve

Between Meals

Ileicecal valve control

peristalsis increases, initiated by rise in hormone motilin

ileocecal sphincter relaxes and admits chyme into large intesting
ileocecal valve flaps close when chyme exerts backwards pressure

Anal Canal

last segment of large intestine that opens to body exterior at anus

Internal anal sphincter

external anal sphincter

removal of water through the formation of urine

regulate blood volume and pressure

controls the levels of chemicals and salt

regulate pH levels

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

Ureters

Kidneys

Functions

slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder

anatomy

muscular tube that drains urinary bladder

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Tubule

Glomerulus

Glomerular capsule

Proximal Convoluted tubule

Nephron Loop

Distal Convoluted tubule

muscular sac for temporary storage of urine

regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
producing erythropoietin
activating vitamin D
carrying gluconeogenesis, if needed

tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium

cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

functions in reabsorption and secretion

U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs

function more in secretion than reaborption

storage capacity

expands and rises superiorly during filling w/out significant rise in internal pressure

moderately full bladder is ~12cm long and can hold ~500ml
- can hold twice as much if necessary but can burst if overdistended

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

Stomach

tunic layer that lines lumen

absorbs end products of digestion

contains blood/lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing large meal

muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
circular layer thickens in some areas to form sphincters

outermost layer, which is made up of visceral peritoneum

muscularis externa

mucosa layer

an extra 3rd layer oblique (diagonal) layer- smooth muscles allow stomach not only chum, mix, and move chyme, but also to pummel it, which increases physical breakdown and ram it into small intestine

secrete two -layer coat of alkaline mucus
- surface layer traps bicarbonate-rich fluid layer that is beneath it
dotted with gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands produces gastric juice

Desending Limb

Asecnding Limb

Structural and functional units that forms urine in the kidney

filtrate: plasma-covered fluid that renal tubules process to form urine

reabsorption: H2O

secretion: urea | reabsorption: Na+, K+, CI-

Collecting Ducts

Intercalated Cells

Principal Cells

A & B help mantain acid-base balance of blood

Maintain water and Na+ balance

Collecting ducts receive filtrate from many nephrons

ducts fuse together to deliever urine through papillae into minor calyces

Polyps Growths

Spastic Colon/ IBS

Peptic Ulcers

Bladder Cancer

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Kidney Stone

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gall bladder

chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus

chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract

Crohn's disease
ulcerative culitis

sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum

tissue growths that most often looks like small, flat bumps or tiny mushroom-like stalks

abnormal abdominal conditions

Abnormal cell growth in the bladder

abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract

undissolved minerals and salts

Proteases

Amylase

Lipases

Nucleases

for protein; secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion

for carbohydrates

for lipids

for nucleic acids

Protein

Fat

Carbohydrates

Nucleic acid

Site of Action

Path of Absorption

Site of Action

Mouth → small intestine → cells of small intestine

glucose and galactose are absorbed via cotransport with Na+
Fructose passes via facilitated diffusion
all monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

amino acids are absorbed via contransport with Na+
some dipeptides are tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed to amino acids within the cells
amino acids leave the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood i the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

stomach → small intestine → cells of small intestine

mouth → stomach → liver → pancreas

fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells via diffusion
fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined to form triglycerides and then combined with other lipids and proteins within the cells
the chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi ad are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic duct
some short-chain fatty acids are absorbed, move into the capillary blood in the villi by diffusion, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

pancreas → cells of small intestine

units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers
units are absorbed into cappilary blood in the vili and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein