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Digestive & Urinary System, Sarina Rivera Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System, Sarina Rivera Period 2
Major functions of the digestive system
Helps food & nutrition go through the body.
Mechanical Digestion - breaks down large pieces of food into saller ones.
Chemical Digestion - breaking down large nutrient molecules into smaller ones
Alimentary Canal - the tract that digestion follows from the mouth to the anus. (8 Meters Long)
Absorption of nutrients
Mixing Movements
smooth muscles contract rhythmically in small secretions.
Segmentation in small intestine aids mixing by contracting & relaxing smooth muscle.
Propelling Movements
Contains Peristalsis (wavelike motion)
Ring Contraction (portion of tube) & relaxation (ahead of the ring).
Allows mass of food to be moved to next area of tube.
Stomach begins protein digestion & moves food to small intestine
Chyme (mixing)
pasty mix of food & gastric juice
liquids pass through quickly
proteins/carbohydrates pass through quickly
Vomiting (emptying)
empties stomach in reverse function
medulla oblongata controls the reflex
Maintains blood concentration of glucose & other nutrients
Major functions of the urinary system
Filters salt and wastes from blood
helps control red blood cells production & Blood Pressure
Regulates pH & body fluid volumes
maintains electrolyte and water levels
micturition/urination
urine is released from bladder
relaxation of internal urethral sphincter
reflex is triggered by stretching of bladder
external urethral sphincter is voluntary
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary Canal
muscular tube that passes through thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
food passage way between mouth & anus
8 Meters long
consists of 4 layers
Mucosa (inner layer)
mucus membrane surrounding lumen of tube
epithelium, underlying connective tissue, little smooth muscle
protects tissues of canal
continues secretion & absorption of dietary nutrients
sometimes modified into folds (only in some regions)
Submucosa (under mucosa)
loose connective tissue, blood, lymphatic vessels, nerves, & glands
nourishes surrounding layers
vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Muscularis (2 layers of smooth muscle)
inner circular & outer longitudinal
moves food through canal
Serosa (outer layer)
viseral peritomeum
protects underlying tissue
secretes fluid to reduce friction
Mouth
receives food
mechanical digestion, mastication (chewing)
1st portion of alimentary canal
oral cavity between palate & tongue (chamber)
Cheeks & lips
form lateral walls of mouth
chewing & expression
High mobile structures, surrounding mouth opening
contains sensory receptors (temp & texture of food)
Tongue
covered by mucus membrane
contains papillae (friction for moving food around the mouth)
Lingual Tonsils, lymphatic tissues at root of tongue
Lingual Frenulum, attaches floor to tongue
Taste buds along sides of papillae
Thick muscular composed of skeletal muscle
Palate
roof of oral cavity
interior (bony) hard palate
posterior (muscular) soft palate
Uvula: closes off nasal cavity while swallowing
Palatine Tonsils: mass lymphatic tissues, helps protects against infection (back of mouth)
Pharyngeal Tonsils: lymphatic masses, posterior wall of pharynx, above border of soft palate
Teeth
20 primary teeth (shed)
32 secondary teeth
helps breakdown food
develops in sockets alucolar processes of maxillary & mandibular bones
includes incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, & molars
allows enzymes to access food particles
Pharynx (throat)
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx (passage way to esophagus
Oropharynx (food & air)
Esophagus
muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
straight collapsible food passage way
extends downward through opening in diaphragm
mucous glands are scattered throughout submucosa
lower esophagus sphincter prevents food from coming back up passage way
Stomach
starts protein digestion
J-shaped muscular organ, located in upper left abdominal quadrant
moves food to small intestine
limited absorption of nutrients
removes food from esophagus
Rugae/gastric folds allow digestion
Divided into 6
Cardia(c): small region near opening to esophagus
Fundus: small, rounded region superior to cardia
Body Region: main portion between Fundus and Pulorus
Pulorus: distal portion near small intestine
Plyoric Canal: narrowed area close to small intestine
Plyoric Sphincter: end of plyoric Canal, muscular ring controlling the release of food into small intestine
Pancreas
breaks down starch into disaccharides
breaks down acids
breaks down triglycerides
Liver
metabolic activites
synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholestrol
filters blood and secretes bile
stores glycogen & vitamins A, D, & B12, & Iron
maintains blood concentration of glucose and other nutrients
Gallbladder
pear-shaped sac on inferior portion of liver
stores bile between meals & reabsorbs water to concentrate it
contraction of muscular wall releases bile into duodenum
cholesterol may precipitate in gallbladder to form gallstones, which have to be surgically removed.
small intestine
long tubular organ
runs from stomach to beginning of large intestine
recieves chyme from stomach
receives pancreatic juices from pancreas
receives bile from liver & gallbladder
absorbs digestive end
finishes digestion
divided into three portions
Duodenum: shortest, most fixed, stomach empties directly into it
Jejunum: proximal two-fifths of small intestine, slightly larger than ileum (diameter), more active in the digestive process
Ileum: most distal portion
Large intestine
diameter is larger
about 1.5 Meters long
begins at lower right portion of abdominal cavity (cecum
opens to outside the body as anus
absorbs water & electrolytes, forms & stores feces
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys
reddish brown, bean-shaped, 12 cm long
enclosed tough, fibrous capsule (inside)
retroperitoneal, behind the parietal peritoneum
2 major regions
Renal Medulla: contains cone-shaped structures
Renal Cortex: surrounds renal Medulla, tiny round structures called renal corpuscles (part of nephrons)
regulates volume, compostion, & pH of body fluids
removes metabolic waste from blood, forming urine
helps control rate of red blood cells formation
Ureters
muscular tube
starts at funnel-shaped renal pelvis
wall of bladder has a one-way valve
Urinary bladder
hollow, dispensable, muscular organ, in pelvic cavity
stores urine, excretes it from urethra
lower portion forms internal urethral sphincter
Urethra
4 cm long in females, opening between vagina and clitoris
longer in males, both urinary & reproductive, runs through prostate gland & penis
contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) & external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
secreted by muscosa
Peptidases : break down dipeptides to amino acids
Surcase, Maltase, & Lactase: breaks down disaccharides to monosaccharides
Intestinal Lipase: breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids & glycerol
Gastric Secretions
Pepsin: released by chief cells to digest protein, activates when in contact with hydrochloric acids
Parietal Cells: release hydrochloric acid, activates pepsinogen & intrinsic factor, require vitamin B12 obsorption
all together make gastric juices
Salivary Secretions
Amylase: produced in the serious cells, breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic Juice
contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
Pancreatic Amylase
breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase: breaks down triglycerides
Nucleases (2): breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Bicarbonate Ions: alkaline environment in duodenum fro enzyme function
Proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, & carbooxypeptidase: each split bonds betweem amino acids, breaking down proteins to depeptides
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephron: functional unit of kidney, produces urine independently, one million per kidney, contains renal corpsucle & renal tubule
Renal Corpuscle
filteration structure in renal cortex
first step to urine formation
consists of glomerulus & glomerular capsule (cup-shaped sac, receives filtrate)
Glomerular Capsule extends proximal
Renal Tubule
Glomerular Capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron Loop (descending & ascending)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting Duct
Collecting Duct
made up of several distal convoluted tubules
passes from cortex into medulla
empties into major calyx (papilla)
Urine Formation
Glomerular Filteration: 1st step, Glomerulus filters water & small substances from blood plasma, then transports it to glomerular capsule as glomerular filtrate, produces 180 liters a day
Tubular Re-absorption: transports useful filtrate substances from filtrate to blood of peritubular capillaries.
Tubular Secretion; addtional waste from blood moved from peritubular capillaries into renal tubule.
Glomerular filtrate: similar to interstitial fluid, contains water, electrolytes, small nutrient molecules, & small waste molecules
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PTC): contains microvilli (increasing surface area for reabosrption
Tubular Reabsorption: reaborbs glucose, amino acids, & water
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive
Cholecystitis
inflammation of gall bladder
caused by blockage or age
symptoms are sweating, nausea, & vomiting
treatment is medications or fasting
Gastroeophageal Reflux Disease:
makes contents move back up the esophagus
caused by obesity or smoking
symptoms may be dry cough or acid reflex
treatments are medications or surgery
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chronic complex intestinal condition
causes are unknown
symptoms can be abdominal pain or fever
treatments are medications or surgery
Peptic Ulcers
sores developed in the lining of the stomach
caused by stress or smoking
symptoms are heartburn or weight loss
treatment may be medications or endoscopic surgery
Colon Diseases
Polyps
growth
caused by age or diet
symptoms may be bloody stool or diarrhea
treatment may be surigical removal or no treatment at all
Urinary
Bladder cancer
tumor that forms in bladder and grows
caused by smoking or cancer drugs
symptoms are pain while urinating or back pain
treatment may be chemo therapy or surgery
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
abnormal growth of bacteria in the urinary tract
caused by menopause or being sexually active
symptoms may be burning while urinating or bloody urine
treatment options can be antibiotics or cranberry juice
Kidney Stones
high levels of minerals & salts forming hard stones
caused by type 2 diabetes or too much calcium in urine
symptoms may be no symptoms or nausea
treatment may be medications or surgery