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Rodrigo Guadalupe p.5 Digestive and Urinary system - Coggle Diagram
Rodrigo Guadalupe p.5 Digestive and Urinary system
major functions of digestive system
take in food
break down food into nutrient molecules
absorb molecules into blood stream
rid body of any indigestible remains
major organs of digestive system
mouth: food is chewed and mixed with enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion, and swallowing process is initiated
esophagus - Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
stomach - temporary storage banks that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
pancreas - supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
liver - produces bile which is a fat emulsifier
gall bladder - chief function is storage of bile
small intestine - major organ of digestion and absorption
large intestine - Propulsion of feces to anus and defecation
– Reabsorption of vitamins (made by bacterial flora), water, and electrolytes
anus - elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces through defacation
major organs of urinary system
regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
ensuring long term acid based balance
excreting metabolic wastes, toxins drugs
excreting erythropoietin
activating vitamin D
Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
major functions of urinary system
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin (regulates blood pressure and renin (regulates RBC production)
Activating vitamin D
Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
layers of GI tract
3) esophagus
4) stomach
2) pharynx
small intestine
6) large intestine
7) anus
1) mouth
disorders of digestive and urinary
digestive
cholecystitis
inflammation of gall bladder
causes or risk factors: gallstones, diet, being female
symptoms: sweating, fever, bloating,
treatment: medications, fasting, antibiotics
Gastroesophafeal Reflux Disease
chronic disease that occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing contents of stomach to move back into esophagus
causes: frequent acid reflux, smoking, diabetes
symptoms: chest pain, sore throat, heartburn
treatment: surgery, over counter medications, prescribed meds
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in a digestive tract
causes unknown, possible genetics, environmental or immune
symptoms: abdominal pain, fever, weight loss
treatment: medication, antibiotics, surgery
peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of stomach or duodenum
causes: stress, smole, alcohol abuse
Symptoms: heartburn, bloating, weight loss
treatment: lifestyle changes, medication: endoscopic surgery
colon disease:
colorectal cancer - uncontrolled cell growth in colon
causes: diet, hereditary, chemical exposure
symptoms: change in bowel movements, body stoot, bloating,
treatments options: surgery, radiation therapy, chemo therapy
polyps - growths
causes: age, hereditary, diet
symptoms: asymptomatic, change in bowel movements, diarrhea
treatment: none, surgical movement, diet adjustment
urinary
bladder cancer: body cells grow out of control
causes: smoking, plastic paints, leather and rubber, family history
symptoms: asymptomatic, hematuria, frequent/ urgent peeing
treatment: limit exposure to workplace chemicals, eat well, stop smoking
urinary tract infection: abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along urinary tract
causes: pregnancy, sexual activity, diabetes
symptoms: frequent peeing, fever, pressure in lower pelvic area
treatment: oral antibiotic pills, over the counter meds
kidney stones - urine contains many dissolved minerals and salts
causes: too much calcium, overweight, type 2 diabetes
symptoms: hydronephrosis, burning feeling when urinating, request/urgent peeing
treatment: medication, surgery, wait for stones to pass
digestive enzymes
amylase - begins breakdown of starch in saliva
proteases - secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
lipases digests ~15% of liquids
nucleases - enzymes that degrade nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA
location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
salivary amylase in mouth; Glucose and galactose are absorbed via cotransport with Na+
pancreatic amylase; in small intestine and Fructose passes via facilitated diffusion
brush border enzymes in small intestine; all monosaccharides leave epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter capillary blood in villi, and transported towards liver via hepatic portal vein
Pepsin in stomach; Amino acids are absorbed via
cotransport with Na+
pancreatic enzymes in small intestine; some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed to amino acids with the cells
lingual lipase - stomach; Fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined to form triglycerides and then combines with other lipids and proteins within the cells resulting chylomicrons are extruded by exocytosis
gastric lipase; stomach, the chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi and are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic ducts
pancreatic lipases - small intestine; Some short chain fatty acids are absorbed, move into the capillary blood inn the villi by diffusion and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease in small intestine; Units enter intestinal cells by active
transport via membrane carriers
Brush border enzymes in small intestine; Units are absorbed into capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portail vein
nephron anatomy and physiology
descending loop
Proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule
Distal portion also called descending thin limb; simple squamous
epithelium
ascending loop
Thick ascending limb
Cuboidal or columnar cells
for urine in kidneys