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Plant Genetics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1 dominant, 1 recessive allele
    - - 2 same alleles
  - - - Offspring inherit one from each parent
      - Equal chance to inherit either(in gamete)
  - - - Intermediate heterozygote
    - - Punnett similar but more complex
    - - Point
        
        Single nucleotide change
      - Chromosomal
        
        Deletion
        
        Segments lost
        
        Inversion
        
        Piece rotates 180
        
        Translocation
        
        Swap parts between non homologs
        
        Transposons
        
        Mobable genetic element
        
        Jumping genes
        
        Duplication
        
        Part has doubled
      - Polymorphism
        
        Dimorphic
        
        2 phenotypes(dom-recess alleles)
        
        many phenotypes in pop
    - - Inherited chromosome same as parent
      - Only 2 gamete types #
    - - Multiple genes for one character
      - Phenotype combined effect of genes
        
        ex;abscisic acid
      - Most traits
      - Tend to be Normal distribution
      - Continuous variation
    - - One gene interacts with another
        
        Can Interfere or mask
      - Ex; Digitalis petal color
    - - 4 haploid genotypes
        
        Not equal in number #
      - Recombinants less abundant
      - Parentals more abundant
    - - 1 gene multiple effects on phenotype
      - ex;Awn of wheat
    - - More than 2n of chromosome
        
        ex;Triploid or tetraploid
      - Autopolypoid
        
        Failed meiosis
        
        Self fertilization
      - Allopolyploid
        
        Meiotic error
        
        Mismatch during mating
        
        Second mating creates matched pairs
      - Examples
        
        Ex; wheat
        
        14 chromosome ancestral species
        
        Durum wheat
        
        28 chromosomes
        
        Tetraploid(4n)
        
        Pasta
        
        Bread wheat
        
        42 chromosomes
        
        Hexaploid
        
        Gluten for lofty bread
        
        result of hybrid doubling & quadrupling
        
        Ex; Strawberry
        
        chemically induced
        
        Prevent microtubule formation #
        
        Diploid gametes
        
        Fertilization by fusing 2n gametes
        
        tetraploid (4n)
      - Evolutionary signif.
        
        Mask deleterious recessive alleles
        
        Relax selection pressure
        
        Accumulate mutations
        
        Eventually beneficial trait
        
        2 groups of ancient duplications
        
        Common ancestor of seed plants
        
        Common ancestor of extant angiosperms
- - - - 1.No new mutations #
        
        2.No genetic drift.
        
        3.No migration
        
        4.No natural selection
        
        5.Random mating
        
        Non random="choose" mates
        
        4 more items...
        
        One allele selectively advantageous
        
        Artificial select
        
        select by humans
        
        Gene flow
        
        Imm= into
        
        Emig= out of
        
        Random loss of alleles
        
        strong eff in small pop
        
        Bottleneck effect
        
        Large ->small pop
        
        catastrophe/or migration
        
        Change in nucleic acids
        
        need to be in gametes to inherit
    - - Changes in pop gene pool from gen to gen
  - - - .# one allele type/total allele
        
        add to 1
      - p = dom
      - q = recess
      - 2pq = heterozy
    - - .#one genotype type/total individ
        
        add to 1
  - - - Genetic equilb
      - Directional Selection
        
        x0≠x1
        var0=var1
      - Stabilizing selection
        
        x0=x1
        var0>var1
      - Disruptive selection
        
        x0=x1
        var0<var1
      - mean = x
- - - - Growth models
        
        Logistic growth
        
        S-shaped curve
        
        Pop Has a carrying capacity (K)
        
        dN/dt = rN[(K-N)/K] = rN(1-N/K)
        
        Exponential growth
        
        Unlimited resources
        
        J-shaped curve
        
        dN/dt = rN
        
        r = intrinsic growth rate
        
        N = population size
        
        K = carrying capacity
        
        dN/dt = population change over time
      - Overshoot K = dying off
    - - Grow exponentially
      - Annuals
      - Many, small fruits
      - Weedy
    - - Fluctuate around carrying capacity
        
        Perennials
      - Resource-intensive fruits
      - Fairly stable habitats
    - - Stress
        
        Resource availability
        
        Growth inhibitors
      - Disturbance
        
        Biotic
        
        Abiotic
      - 3 life stages
        
        C- competitors
        
        S- stress tolerators
        #
        
        R- ruderals
        #
  - - - x = age
        
        Nx= number of individuals alive at age x
        
        Sx= proportion of individuals of age x that survive to age x+1
        
        lx= proportion of individuals that survive from birth (age 0) to age x
        
        Fx= average number of offspring born to a female while she is age x
        
        lx(Fx) = average number of offspring per capita at age x
        
        2 more items...
        
        Fecundity
        
        Survivorship
        
        Survival rate
      - Nx+1/Nx#
        
        Nx/N0 #
    - - R0=Σ(Ix * Fx)
      - R0>1, the population size increases
      - R0<1, the population size ↓
      - R0=1, then population size does not change
    - - G=Σ(lxFxx)/R0
      - Aver age between parent and offspring
    - - r=ln(R0)/G
      - r>0, the population size ^
      - r<0, the population size ↓
      - r=1, then population size does not change
    - - How long individuals survive
      - Type I #
      - Type III #
      - Type II
        
        Constant chance of death through life
      - Dependent on environment
      - Poa annua
  - - - Mutualism
      - Pollination
    - - Herbivory
      - Parasitism
    - - .- on prey
      - .+ by prey
    - - .+ on predator
      - .- by predator
    - - Similar to growth models
      - dN/dt = rN-aNP #
        
        a=predator attack rate
      - dP/dt = faNP-qP #
        
        f=rate of converting prey eaten to new predators
        
        q=predators mortality rate
- - - - Random orientation of sister chromatids
    - - Random orientation of bivalents