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Media Sociologists: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Harcup and O'neil (2001 UK)- e.g. power elite, celebrity, entertainment, bad news etc
  - - - scapegoats are usually minorities
  - - - GUMG: presentation of the news is sympathetic to the elite and devalue the powerless
- - - - Evans and chandler- Children have pester power
      - Heintz-Knowles- most representations show children as prosocial and positive
      - Headliners 1998: kids portrayed as victims, cute, little devils, brilliant, as accessories, little angels, 'kids these days'
    - - Wayne et al- media has a one dimensional view of youth, 82% of representations are negative and often fail to understand the youth
    - - Age Concern 2000- often portrayed as grumpy, mentally challenged, infantile, and as a burden
      - grey pound
  - - - Nairn- the monarchy post WW2 has been an ongoing soap opera, with the queen as a symbol of the nation and royal events= national events
        
        media are often forgiving of the royal family
    - - Reiner- wealth portrayed as a result of meritocracy
      - Newman- tabloid press focus on the wealthy and over focus on consumerism and luxury holidays, and stock market news reported from the impact on business not ordinary people
    - - Newman- WC underrepresented in sitcoms and dramas, and where they are shown it is often in an unflattering way
      - Jones- media covets of WC is a MC attack on WC values, institutions and communities
        
        focuses on the individual inadequacies of WC by calling them racist, violent and lazy than the failures of govt policy
      - Curran and Seaton- WC audiences are assumed to be stupid, newspapers focused on WC oversupply important issues, as there is an assumption that the WC only want to read about gossip
  - - - EM groups as criminals:
        
        creates moral panics e.g. Hall's black muggers and folk devils
        
        Cushion et al: 7/10 stories about young black men relate to crime
      - EM groups as a threat:
        
        moral panics against three main groups: immigrants, refugees/asylum seekers, muslims
        
        Poole- muslims presented as a threat to security; seeing them as fundamentalists and mysogynists
        
        Moore et al: between 2000-2008 islam presented as a threat to British life through terrorism and cultural differences
      - EM groups as unimportant
        
        Ligali- black victims of crime do not receive the same attention as white vicimim
  - - - Tuchman- women's achievements are often not reported or are trivialised- women portrayed in a narrow and limited range of roles. Achievements presented as less importnant than looks or sex appeal
      - Packer et al (2005)- amount of media sports coverage devoted to female sports is between 1 and 6%
      - Duncan and Messner- 97% of sports commentators are men
    - - mulvey- male gaze- camera looks at women the same way men do (sexually)
      - Wolf- the beauty myth is promoted by media which portrays the idea that women are primarily assessed in terms of appearance not intelligence
    - - Connell- gender identities are in part constructed by the media, and certainly reproduces hegemonic stereotypes of the roles of women and men
        
        hegemonic masculine characteristics= sexual dominance, physically strong, aggressive
        
        Hegemonic feminine characteristics= sexual passivity, gentleness, emotional, dependent
  - - - Batchelor et al (2004)- strengths and weaknesses of media representation
        
        strengths= publicising sexual health info, promoting consent,
        
        Weaknesses= assumption of sexual activity amongst young people, contraception largely ignored, lack of positive images of lesbian and gay teens, no examples of how to raise concerns around safer sex
    - - Batchelor et al- lesbian representations completely invisible in mainstream young peoples media
      - Dyer- homosexuality often not shown with direct address often alluded to through clothing for example
        
        leads to more camp portrayals of homosexuals as they are fun and entertaining
      - Stonewall (2011)- lesbian portrayals undergoing symbolic annihilation- only presented in over sexualised ways for the pleasure of male viewers
    - - 'The Pink Pound'- refers to the purchasing power of people within LGBT, so companies now target gay consumers
        
        with increased social acceptability there is a new market to tap into, which increases profits
        
        Leads to more adverts with same-sex couples or companies changing their logos into the colours of pride
  - - - the medical model:
        
        it is the individuals responsibility to overcome this disability
        
        overcoming disability achieved by medical intervention- aims to make disabled people 'normal'
      - social model:
        
        It is societies responsibility to support disabilities- through improving access for example (wheelchair accessibility)
        
        impairments are not inherently disabling- society is not set up for disabled people so there are obstacles to their access to mainstream society
    - - Barnes- disabled people seen as pitiable, evil, atmopheric, as a super-cripple, sexually abnormal, or incapable of participating fully in community life
      - Roper- telethons (shows that aim to make money for a cause) serve to keep audiences as givers and to keep disabled people in their place as grateful recipients of charity e.g. Children in need
        
        merely confirms social prejudices about the disabled
      - Shakespeare (1999)- media representations are one dimensional, and disability is usually used as a character trait or plot device which reinforces negative attitudes
      - Watson et al- disabled people increasingly described by journalists as benefit scroungers- led to greater discrimination
- - - - enhances democracy- E-petitions etc
      - Users are better informed
      - users have more choice
  - - - Damages democracy through fake news, echo chambers etc
      - much of what we hear is based on a western narrative (cultural imperialism)
- - - - Newson- violent images in films are too easily accessible e.g. average 18 y/o in USA has seen 16,000 TV murders
    - - Bandura et al- groups shown violent activity behaved more aggessively- showed violent media could lead to imitation
    - - BBFC can apply age certificates to media
        
        TV companies agreed on voluntary 9 o'clock watershed
  - - - Katz and Lazarsfeld: media messages must go through two steps, opinion leaders are exposed to media and those who respect opinion leader (opinion followers) internalise their interpretation of content
        
        Audiences are active as they must choose to adopt a particular opinion
    - - Klapper: aduience must be actively engaged in order for the media message to have an effect
        
        you must be exposed to the media and this is selective as the audience chooses what they are exposed to in most cirumstances
        
        Must be selective in their perception of the media content, and must confirm their beliefs or interests
        
        must be selective in the way they retain information, as if the media is not interesting it will not stick in the mind
    - - Blumler and Mcquail: people use the media to satisfy their needs
        
        Diversion- using media as a distraction to compensate from lack of satisfaction e.g. VR games
        
        Personal relationships- media compensates for the lack of community life eg. more engaged with communities in soap operas than their real neighbours
        
        Personal Interests- people modify their identity using media e.g. through acetone and filters on IG or snapchat
        
        Surveillance- use media to obtain info from the wider world e.g. wikipedia
  - - - audiences as individuals interpret media in a variety of ways
        
        means there is no such thing as dominant or preferred readings in media content
        
        media is now a massive part of identity creation for individuals
    - - a marxist approach- suggests audiences are experiencing a drip drip effect where overtime they come to share the same views as the elite
        
        does accept that audiences are not totally passive, but long term exposure to narrow media has an ideological effect
        
        media content has ideological messages which reflects the ideology of ownerrs
        
        content which counters this is kept out through agenda setting
    - - Morley: audiences are far from passive and made their minds up in their reading of media content
        
        even when people agree with content of media it is not an acceptance of journalists as objectives but was based on personal knowledge and experience
        
        3 readings: preferred reading (based on consensus), oppositional reading (a minority may reject the views in the media due to having diff opinions or values), and negotiated readings (media may reinterpret media content to fit in with their own opinions and values