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CRIMINOLOGY - CAMPAIGNS AFFECTING POLICY DEVELOPMENT (4.3) - Coggle Diagram
CRIMINOLOGY - CAMPAIGNS AFFECTING POLICY DEVELOPMENT (4.3)
TYPES OF CAMPAIGNS
peer pressure groups
organisations that try to influence govt. policies in regards to a particular issue
individual
someone affected by an injustice/ crime
newspaper
targets audience through newspapers to gain support, increasing likelihood of govt. listening + taking action
NEWSPAPER CAMPAIGNS
sarah's law - news of the world
supported sarah's parents in their campaign
parents convinced a sex offender murdered their daughter from the start
news of the world was central to campaign's success
july 2000: 'named and shamed' 50 people it claimed were sex paedophiles
paper promised to continue until it had revealed identity of every paedophile in britain
year and a day rule - the northern echo
if victims of assault lives for 365+ days, attackers could not stand trial for manslaughter/ murder
michael was in a coma for 16 months before his death at 22
david clark (attacker) could only be charged with grievous bodily harm + jailed for only 2 years
clark freed before michael's life support was cut off
northern echo: launched 'justice for michael', encouraging audience to sign a petition to abolish this law
posted upsetting pictures of michael gibson to influence attitudes of public, encouraging people to sign petition
'94: bill to scrap law not successful, however petition and newspaper campaign resulted in another bill being passed in '96
'96: bill passed was successful in abolishing the law
the law reform (year and a day rule) act '96 was abolished
INDIVIDUAL CAMPAIGNS
many campaigns started by lone individual that feels strongly about a particular policy to take action themselves
clare's law
2005: relationship between clare and george appleton ended
2009: clare was raped, beaten, strangled + set on fire by george appleton
clare didn't know he had a history of convictions for violence against women, incl. 5 yr prison sentence for holding his ex at knifepoint
also had convictions for repeated harassment + threats relating to other reasons
after killing clare, appleton went on the run, then later killed himself
father found out she'd made complaints to greater manchester police about harassment, e.g. threats to kill + attempted rape
police took no action
father launched campaign to change the law to enable women to know about their partner's violent past
worked for four years, gathering evidence, organising petitions, support from charities, politician + media for change in law
double jeopardy - ann ming
double jeopardy law: stops people being tried again for a crime that they've been acquitted for (not guilty)
can lead to injustice where new evidence suggests someone previously acquitted was actually guilty
ann ming's daughter, julie hogg, was confirmed to be murdered by billy dunlop after he admitted to a prison officer in '98, after being jailed for savage attack on former lover
officer reported his admission, dunlop convicted of perjury
a campaign for change in law, lobbying politicians + using the press, tv + radio to publicise the case
criminal justice act '03
result of ann ming's campaign
permitted certain serious offences to be re-tried
re-trial only once if 'new and compelling' evidence emerges + if director of public prosecutions gives permission
only one re-trial is permitted
PRESSURE GROUP CAMPAIGNS
organisations that try to influence govt. policies in interests of a particular cause
protection against stalking (pas)
started campaign in 2011 to introduce law that made stalking a specific offense
existing anti-harassment laws at the time didn't specify stalking stalking
supposed by the probation officer's union, pas set up independent parliament enquiry
lasted several months, with evidence from victims + relatives, academic experts, lawyers, police + probation officers
pas got support from MPs to include an amendment to a bill that was going through parliament
was the protection of freedoms act (passed april 2012), made stalking a criminal offence
inquest
pressure group focused on 'state deaths (e.g. deaths in prison, psychiatric care)
purpose: ensure families treated fairly + respectfully whilst struggling w/ bereavement
also finds out true circumstances of deaths of people in state institutions, holding state accountable where negligence is avoidable
wants to raise awareness of unnecessary deaths in state institutions and through investigations, pressure govt. in making sure institutions protect individuals