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Approaches - Coggle Diagram

- - - - There is only a little overlap
      - Self-actualisation will be difficult
      - Self-image is different to ideal self
    - - Self-image is similar to the ideal self
      - There is more overlap
      - Self-actualisation is possible
  - - - Difficult to prove but not an issue to humanists
      - The approach acknowledges that we have constraints on our free will but maintains that if we want to do something, we have the ability to choose to do it
      - Have the ultimate ability to choose what we do and we are in control of our behaviour
    - - If we consider only one part, we might miss what is actually affecting them
      - There is no point in looking at just one aspect of an individual
      - Humanists don't agree with focusing just on childhood but rather the whole life
    - - We are all different and there is no point trying to generalise to groups as there are so many differences within each group
      - This way of viewing people is idiographic
    - - Humanism doesn't consider itself a science
      - Argues that science is too objective when humans are subjective
      - The scientific method isn't a good way to measure behaviour
  - - - Self-actualisation cannot be objectively measured
      - Congruence may be up to personal judgement
      - Lack of empirical evidence and no possibility of systematically observing and measuring the processes which it describes
    - - The idea of self-actualisation can be viewed as attitudes of Western culture
      - Humanism may be more readily accepted in the West
    - - Unique by adopting holism and focusing on individual's subjective experiences as a whole, as a method of investigating behaviour
      - A refreshing alternative
    - - The therapy is beneficial due to acknowledging that individuals have free will and have the ability to improve themselves
      - However, Roger's client-centred approach isn't suitable for treating serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression
      - Client-centred therapy has had a major impact on counselling psychology
- - - - Brain structure
      - Brain activity for processing info
- - - - 24 - aggressive role model
        
        Model attacked the bobo doll in a distinctive manner
        
        Watched an adult behave aggressively towards a bob doll
      - 24 - non-aggressive role model
        
        Watched an adult behaving non-aggressively who played quietly, ignoring the bobo doll
      - 24 - control group, no model
        
        Used as a control group and not exposed to a model
    - - Children that observed the aggressive model imitated more aggressive responses than the other 2 groups
      - Boys imitated more physical aggression than girls
      - Children learn social behaviour through the process of observation learning
  - - - These outline what is needed in order for a behaviour to be learnt
      - We follow a process to learn through observations
        
        Attenton - the extent to which a person pays attention to others' behaviour
        
        Retention - they memorise the behaviour they have observed
        
        Motor reproduction - the ability to carry out the behaviour
        
        Motivation - given a reason (rewards + punishment)
      - The use of mental processes
  - - - Similar characteristics
      - High status
      - Attractive
  - - - Direct - through CC and OC
      - Indirectly through vicarious reinforcement
  - - - It has been suggested that the main purpose of the Bobo doll is to strike it, the children were simply behaving how they thought was expected
      - The research may tell us little about how children actually learn aggression
      - Lab studies are often criticised for their artificial nature where ppts may respond to demand characteristis
    - - One finding was that boys were often more aggressive than girls in the Bobo doll study
      - Differences in testosterone could explain this
      - Bandura makes little reference to the impact of biology
      - This important influence isn't accounted for in SLT
    - - Takes thought processes into account and acknowledges the role they play in deciding if behaviour is to be imitated or not
- - - - Pushing an event or emotion out of consciousness
    - - Reverting to an earlier stage of development
    - - Redirecting desires onto a safe object
    - - The person forgets the event
    - - The channeling of unwanted impulses into something useful
  - - - Latency stage
        
        Early conflicts are suppressed
      - Genital stage
        
        Sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty
        
        Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
      - Phallic stage (3-5 years)
        
        Focus of pleasure is the genital area, child experiences the Oedipus or Electra complex
        
        Phallic personality, narcissistic, reckless, possible homosexual
      - Anal stage (1-3 years)
        
        Focus on pleasure is the anus, child gains pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces
        
        Anal-retentive-perfectionist, obsessive, anal expulsive-thoughts, messy
      - Oral stage (0-1 years)
        
        Focus of pleasure is the mouth, mother's breast is the object of desire
        
        Oral fixation, smoking, biting nails, sarcastic, critical
  - - - Ego - reality
        
        The reality check that balances the demands of other elements
        
        Develops second from ages 2-4
      - Superego - morality
        
        The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self
        
        Develops third from ages 4-5
      - Id - instincts
        
        Made up of selfish, aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification
        
        Develops first at birth
        
        Entirely unconscious
  - - - Ego
        
        Sometimes uses defence mechanisms to prevent harm to itself
      - Id
      - Superego
  - - - Viewing out nurture as more important
      - Not interactionist approach as they aren't split equally
      - Basic biological drives to do things
    - - His interpretations are highly subjective
      - Although detailed and thought out, they can't be universally true for all behaviour and humans
      - An idiographic appraoch but was used to create nomothetic laws
      - Based on intensive study of single individuals
    - - Significant in drawing on experiences from our childhood
      - Remained dominant during 20th century, along with behaviourism and has been used to explain a wide range of behaviours, including moral development, gender and forensics
      - It has had a huge impact on psychology
      - Used in modern day approaches
      - Paved the way
    - - No experiments, just talking to people
      - Such as mind being split into 3 parts, role of unconscious
      - Assumptions cannot be scientifically measured and no element of falsifiability
    - - Produced a therapy called psycho-analysis
- - - - Monozygotic twins - they develop from one egg and one sperm and share 100% chromosomes
      - Dizygotic twins - 2 diff. eggs and 2 diff. sperms and share 50% chromosomes
      - Concordance rates - used in genetics, usually means the presence of the same trait in both members of a set of twins
  - - - Responsible for higher order functions such as language and thought
      - The brain is split into different lobes - each responsible for all aspects of behaviour
    - - These hormones then influence our behaviour depending on their task
      - They are chemicals produced by our glands which are secreted into our bloodstream
  - - - Using MZ and DZ to look for differences or similarities
    - - Magnetic resonance imaging is a medical imaging technique used to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body
    - - H.M or Clive Wearing
    - - Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp
  - - - They pass on their genes to the next generation
      - The genes for successful characteristics spread through the population
      - Consequently, they are more likely to mate and have offspring
    - - What women want
        
        Attracted to men who are reliable and unlikely to roam to other females
        
        They want strong, viable offspring
        
        Attracted to men who are able to defend and provide
      - What men want
        
        To produce as many offspring as they can and seek to find healthy, fertile women
        
        Signs of youth
    - - An organism's ability to survive depends on how well its characteristics allow it to
        
        Exploit the opportunities available in its environment
        
        Avoid or deal with the threats presented by its environment
      - All about how well an organism is adapted to its environment
        
        The enviornment changes over time
  - - - Link to scientific
    - - Lab studies, don't know the brain isn't thinking of other things
    - - Just because you have the gene doesn't mean you are that thing
      - No one has any choice
    - - Follows scientific process
      - Brain scanning techniques
      - Lab studies
      - Adds validity
- - - - Pavlov used an apparatus to measure the amount of saliva produced when a dog ate
      - The flow of saliva occurred naturally when food was placed in the dog's mouth (involuntary reflex response)
      - Found that dogs can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell if the sound was repeatedly presented at the same time as the food
      - Before conditioning
        
        Bell (neutral stimulus) causes no salivation
      - During conditioning
        
        Bell (neutral stimulus) + Food (unconditioned stimulus) causes salivation (unconditioned response)
      - After conditioning
        
        Bell (conditioned stimulus) causes salivation (conditioned response)
  - - - Positive - getting a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
      - Negative - avoiding something unpleasant
      - A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
    - - Positive Reinforcement
        
        From this, a food pellet would drop into the box
        
        The box contained a lever on the side and as the rat moved about the box, it would accidentally knock the lever
        
        The rats quickly learnt to go straight to the lever after a few times of being put in the box
        
        A rat was placed in a box
        
        The consequence of receiving food, if they pressed the lever, ensured that they would repeat the action
      - Negative Reinforcement
        
        As the rat moved about the box, it would accidentally knock the lever, so the electric current would be switched off
        
        The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times of being put in the box
        
        Placed a rat in the Skinner box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current
        
        The consequences of avoiding the electric current ensured that they would repeat the action again and again
  - - - Classical Conditioning
      - Operant Conditioning
  - - - Humans are seen as passive with little or no conscious thoughts to their behaviour
    - - Too deterministic - humans have no choice
    - - Applies to broad aspects of everyday behaviour can can be used in classrooms, prisoner and psychiatric hospitals
    - - Extrapolation of data
    - - Use of strict, controlled lab studies adds reliability and credibility to the approach
- - - - Relies primarily on non-observable responses and although ppts can report conscious experiences, they are unable to comment on unconscious factors relating to their behaviour
      - Produced subjective data so it was difficult to establish general principles
        
        Meant that introspective experimental results aren't reliably reproduced by other researchers
      - Early behaviourists were achieving reliably reproducible results, discovering explanatory principles that could be generalised
  - - - Can still be seen today
    - - Objectivity - basing findings on fact that have been measured
      - Replicability - the ability to repeat a study and achieve the same findings
      - Empirical methods - phenomenon that can be observed and measured methodically
    - - Once cause is established, treatments can be developed
      - Knowledge acquired is accurate and produces facts due to the use of objective and controlled studies
      - Allows the causes of behaviour to be established and theories developed which can then be tested and modified
      - There are certain areas of human behaviour that cannot be observed and cannot be measured using scientific methods
      - Focuses on being objective and conducting research in strictly controlled environments
        
        Tells us little about how people behave in natural environments