SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY
Personal Identities
Identities & Differences
Social Group
Exclusion
Diasporas侨民
A study of social phenomena as expressed in a space
Social phenomena encompasses 整个framework of human interaction with 环境, leading to the articulation表达 of social space by diverse human groups in不同方式
related issues include gender, age, class, ethnicity, race, sexuality and ability/disability
Divided into 2:
Complete Identity
Incomplete or partial identity
Absolute fixation绝对固定of individuality of a person
In certain circumstances only other details like age, gender, etc. can be established that is called partial identification
当一个人is known by 他的名字with完整地址it is known as complete identity.
Problem of Personal Identity
Personal identity 是重要的issue in philosophy of mind coz philosophers want to establish what it is that makes a person the ‘same’ person over a period of time.是什么使一个人在一段时间内成为“同一个人”
Identity Crisis
Resolving a crisis determines personal identity&未来发展
First crisis happens early to middle adolescence
Crisis of identity身份危机 vs Identity confusion身份混乱
这个危机代表the struggle to find balance btwn发展独特的individual identity while still being accepted and "fitting in“.
Example
- Uncertain about 你是谁
- Become socially disconnected and cut-off from others与社会脱节
- Develop an exaggerated sense of 自己的重要性, 会造成 narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)自恋型人格障碍
If become stuck at this stage unable to become emotionally mature adults
Identity Formation
known as individuation个性化
distinct personality of an individual的发展被称为 persisting entity (称为个人连续性) in a particular stage of life in which individual characteristics are possessed and by which a person is recognized or known被认可&被认识
这个过程defines individuals to others and themselves
Pieces of the person's actual identity include a sense of continuity连续感, a sense of uniqueness from others独特感, and a sense of affiliation归属感.
Definition
Identity是关于individuality and marks一个人out from the crowd
The distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity/ individuality 持久实体/个性
Personal identity means establishment of individuality of a person
Development of Sense of Self自我意识
3. Middle Childhood
4. Early Adolescence
2. Early Childhood
5. Late Adolescence
1. Infancy婴儿
view self as a distinct individual
ability to imitate others模仿他人
autobiographical self自传式的自我
language reflects self: I, me, mine
Describes self by physical characteristics & interests
overconfidence, high self-esteem
describes self in physical & psychological term心理
aware of strengths and weaknesses
self-esteem generally high
compares self with peers
structures self-esteem into different competencies
Academic
Social
Physical
Pysical appearance外貌
Early adolescence
相信 imaginary audience
相信 personal fable寓言
self-esteem drops (especially girls)
开始用abstract values抽象值来形容自己
social comparisons continue
develop a more complex understanding of self, with contradictory descriptions矛盾的描述
identity develops over time
Age
Ability/Disablity
Gender/Sexuality
Introduction
It is important to understand that age is valued in different ways by different cultures
concepts of age are not biologically fixed but instead are social constructions
These social constructions build a person’s age identity
Categories of Age
1. Youth
2. Middle Age
3. Old Age
12 - 25岁
concept of youth assumes ppl can be identified with a distinctive way of life, growing up, rebelling, fun and excitement
often associated with popular culture and the creation of new fashion and styles
Popular Culture: the shared enjoyment of 媒体, 音乐and artistic appreciation over a wide range of youths
known for being creative and risky, experimenting with fashion and identity
young adulthood and old age之间
no boundaries or legal definitions to being middle age and 所以造成 great confusion within society
Old age could begin with retirement
Old age has been stereotyped as involving loneliness, being unable to learn, having poor health and being dependent on others
Differences
Impairment 损伤
Disablity残疾
is some loss, limitation or difference of functioning of the mind or body精神或身体功能的某些损失、限制或差异
a physical or mental impairment prevents a person from carrying out everyday activities身体或精神障碍
Social Construction of Disability
Shakespeare suggests that disability should be seen as a social construction: a problem created by the attitudes of society and not be the state of our bodies 莎士比亚认为决定残疾的不仅仅是个人的身体或精神状况，而是社会感知和应对这些状况的方式
Example
- The way society assigns value and meaning to different abilities. In some cultures, certain impairments may be stigmatized or viewed as a sign of inferiority, leading individuals with those impairments to experience discrimination and marginalization. This societal attitude can turn an impairment into a disability by limiting opportunities for education, employment, social interaction, and other aspects of life. 某些缺陷可能会被污名化或被视为自卑的标志，导致有这些缺陷的个人遭受歧视和边缘化
- Concept of accessibility. A person who uses a wheelchair may not be disabled by their impairment if they live in a society that provides ramps, elevators, and other accommodations that allow them to fully participate in daily activities. However, if the same individual lives in a society where these accommodations are lacking or inaccessible, their impairment becomes disabling because it prevents them from fully engaging in society on an equal basis with others.
Shakespeare's 观点强调 the importance of understanding disability not just as a medical or individual issue, but as a social and cultural phenomenon shaped by societal attitudes, norms, and structures. By recognizing this, we can work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society for people with disabilities.
Social vs Medical Model of Disability
Social Model
Medical Model
it is society which disables physically impaired people because the disabled are excluded from full participation in society by stereotypical attitudes held by able bodied people
disability was seen in terms of a person’s inability to fully participate in various activities that the rest of us take for granted. Disabled people were therefore seen as relianton the able bodied
The Medical Model perceives disability as an individual's defect, needing correction for a better life. Health professionals are seen as the key to fixing disabilities. However, many with disabilities embrace their identity, integral to their self-concept and societal connections. Negative perceptions can diminish self-worth and opportunities
disability as the inability to fully engage in home and community life due to the interaction between impairments and social or physical barriers. It delineates disabilities as societal restrictions, contrasting them with impairments, which are the effects of a condition. Instead of focusing on fixing individuals, this model advocates for societal changes to accommodate diverse functional abilities. By adapting environments, both social and physical, we can enhance the quality of life and opportunities for everyone, regardless of impairments
医学模型将残疾视为个人的缺陷。 它认为残疾是与正常特征和特征相比的失常。 根据这个模型，缺陷必须被治愈、修复或完全消除，个人才能拥有高质量的生活。 医疗保健和社会服务专业人员被视为拥有纠正或修改这些条件的唯一权力。 然而，许多残疾人强烈认同自己的残疾，这代表了他们如何看待自己以及与家庭和社会联系的重要因素。 当残疾被负面看待时，怜悯和羞耻的信息可能会导致自我价值降低和机会减少
残疾是指无法充分参与家庭和社区生活。 根据该模型，功能限制或损伤与身体和社会障碍之间的相互作用创造了残疾环境。 社会模型区分残疾（社会施加的限制）和损伤（任何特定条件的影响）。 解决方案不是改变人，而是改变我们的社会，以适应具有一系列功能能力的人。 通过适应社会和物质环境，我们可以改善有缺陷和无缺陷的人的生活质量和机会
Gender
Gender is psychological心理上的 and refers to our awareness and reaction to biological sex生物性别
决定by biological, psychological and sociological factors
Masculine and feminine are 心理学术语 that refer to a person’s gender
Gender roles 是特定行为established by社会for男人女人
Gender identity requires the ability to 标记自己和其他人as a boy/ girl or man/ woman
Differences
Differences in Physical Development and Behavior
Differences in Intellectual Abilities and Achievement
Differences in Personality and Social Behavior
Boys are bigger, stronger, faster, and more active
男性的睾酮水平较高
Verbal ability
Girls are healthier and better on tasks requiring fine-motor coordination
Spatial ability
Math
女孩擅长阅读 拼写 写作并且不太可能出现与语言相关的困难
boys surpass girls at mental rotation and determining relations between objects in space 心理旋转和确定空间物体之间关系
girls often get better grades and are better at computational skills, but boys excel in math problem solving
Aggression
boys are more likely to be physically aggressive and girls more likely to be relationally aggressive
Emotional sensitivity
girls are better to express emotions and interpret others’ emotions
Social influence
girls are more compliant and girls and women are more likely to be influenced by persuasive messages and group pressure, may come from females valuing group harmony
Depression
adolescent girls more likely to be depressed
Gender Identity
Socializing Influences of 人&媒体
Cognitive Theories of Gender Identity
性别认同的认知理论
Biological Influences
Parents treat sons and daughters alike except for gender-related behaviour
Peers critical of cross-gender play
Gender identity develops gradually: gender labelling, stability, consistency, and constancy
According to gender-schema theory, once children learn their gender, they more focus on适合性别的物体和活动
Evolutionary adaptation进化适应 to male and female roles may influence gender differences
TV depicts stereotyped views of gender
Gender Roles and Social Inequality
Sexism is the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other.
性别歧视变成a self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
Refers to a collection of individuals who interact with each other, share similar characteristics, and have a sense of unity or belonging
Formation
when people with interconnected roles and responsibilities regularly interact within a structured and agreed-upon framework
Characteristics
regular 沟通
Take specific roles
agree on strategies & rules
有strong team identity
Types
Primary grp
Secondary grp
According to self-identification
According to purpose
According to geographic location
Social Interaction
process by which individuals act and react in relation to others, which can occur in various forms
Individual to Individual
Individual to Groups
Grps to Grps
Individual to Culture
Community & Society
Community
Society
limited to a specific geographic location
made up of people living in different places
made up of individuals who are more closely connected
most often share similar characteristics
made up of direct and indirect social connections btwn ppl
most often include more diversity (different背景, social classes, race)
Eg. Ppl who live in a town represent a community, whereas everyone who lives in the state where the town is located makes up a society
Scoial Space
A physical or virtual space such as a social centre, online social media, 或其他聚集地方 where ppl gather and interact (Public / Private place)
Social-Cultural Region
帮我们了解the soul of the place
Eg, cooking meidum. Some Socio Cultural regions are mustard oil users and some may be ground nut oil users
Social Inclusion包容
Social Exclusion排斥
the process through which个人/团体 are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that the others (their “betters”) enjoy
process of promoting the values, relations and institutions that enable 全部人参与social, economic and political life on the basis of equality of rights, equity and dignity
Cause
Gender
Racial
Religion
Caste种姓
Culture
Discrimination
Others
Types
Voluntary
Political
Social
Consequences
Lack of 教育
Homelessness
Low Pay
Crime
Cultural
Definition
Dispersion分散. 形容 spread of a ppl from their homeland
Refers to members of ethnic groups who have left their homeland in large numbers or have been forced out
Transnationalism 跨国主义- a process by which immigrants build multiple 社会, 经济,文化relations across geographic and or political boundaries
Types
Imperial Diaspora
Trade Diaspora
Victim Diaspora
Labor Diaspora
Cultural Diaspora
A class of ppl who have been banished from their place of origin and sent to another land.
Usually a result of a traumatic event, like conquest征服, persecution迫害, enslavement奴役, genocide种族灭绝 or exile流放.
Eg, Africans in the North Atlantic Slave Trade
the migration, exile, and refugees of Syrians
Migrants who 去其他土地 that has been conquered by their own nation and enjoy higher status on account of their ethnic ties to the ruling power.
不适应customs, locals adapt to their customs
eg, migration among those keen to serve and maintain empires such as the British and French diasporas
A community, often members of an extended family, that goes abroad to conduct trade in a host society.
他们得到东道国的许可, 学习当地语言& customs, but do not assimilate.
Indentured servants契约仆人 & labor migrants劳务移民
Ways in which a State disseminated their cultural worldwide
低薪比失业更困难, as the person may not be entitled to相同福利 the unemployed are
The so-called benefits trap is why unemployed ppl may 选择不工作的主要原因
社会上well paid jobs are increasingly only open to graduates
大学让人们发展soft skills of 沟通 & networking with 其他人 who will be the “movers and shakers” of the future.
Most violent crime and robberies are committed in socially excluded areas, usually by people from those areas.
a person committing a criminal act from a socially excluded background are much greater
it is difficult to find a job when there is no address to return applications to.
Some minority groups voluntarily 排除自己from wider society
a phenomenon distinct from social exclusion, which is often imposed on individuals due to factors beyond their control
包括 denial of citizenship rights such as political participation and the right to organize, and also of personal security, the rule of law, freedom of expression and 机会平等.
This is often tied to poverty, creating a divide between citizens based on their rights and opportunities.
通过discrimination based on factors like 性别, 种族, 年龄, limiting access to 社会服务 and reducing participation in the labor market for affected groups.
refers to the extent to which diverse values, norms and ways of living are accepted and respected
Lack of acceptance or understanding of the cultural practices and values of minorities by the dominant culture.
In multi-religious societies, minority religions may be discriminated against, excluded on the basis of their beliefs
Women, non-binary people and transgender people often face barriers in a number of areas.
Some races are perceived as inferior to others, and this perception can lead to unequal treatment in social services.
Restrictions on access to education, employment, etc. for lower caste groups.
Discrimination is one of the direct causes of social exclusion.
Economic status, level of education, disability, sexual orientation, etc