Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Absolute fixation绝对固定of individuality of a person
      - 当一个人is known by 他的名字with完整地址it is known as complete identity.
    - - In certain circumstances only other details like age, gender, etc. can be established that is called partial identification
  - - - Uncertain about 你是谁
      - Become socially disconnected and cut-off from others与社会脱节
      - Develop an exaggerated sense of 自己的重要性, 会造成 narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)自恋型人格障碍
      - If become stuck at this stage unable to become emotionally mature adults
  - - - describes self in physical & psychological term心理
      - aware of strengths and weaknesses
      - self-esteem generally high
      - compares self with peers
      - structures self-esteem into different competencies
        
        Academic
        
        Social
        
        Physical
        
        Pysical appearance外貌
    - - Early adolescence
      - 相信 imaginary audience
      - 相信 personal fable寓言
      - self-esteem drops (especially girls)
      - 开始用abstract values抽象值来形容自己
      - social comparisons continue
    - - autobiographical self自传式的自我
      - language reflects self: I, me, mine
      - Describes self by physical characteristics & interests
      - overconfidence, high self-esteem
    - - develop a more complex understanding of self, with contradictory descriptions矛盾的描述
      - identity develops over time
    - - view self as a distinct individual
      - ability to imitate others模仿他人
- - - - It is important to understand that age is valued in different ways by different cultures
      - concepts of age are not biologically fixed but instead are social constructions
      - These social constructions build a person’s age identity
    - - 1. Youth
        
        12 - 25岁
        
        concept of youth assumes ppl can be identified with a distinctive way of life, growing up, rebelling, fun and excitement
        
        often associated with popular culture and the creation of new fashion and styles
        
        Popular Culture: the shared enjoyment of 媒体, 音乐and artistic appreciation over a wide range of youths
        
        known for being creative and risky, experimenting with fashion and identity
      - 2. Middle Age
        
        young adulthood and old age之间
        
        no boundaries or legal definitions to being middle age and 所以造成 great confusion within society
      - 3. Old Age
        
        Old age could begin with retirement
        
        Old age has been stereotyped as involving loneliness, being unable to learn, having poor health and being dependent on others
  - - - Impairment 损伤
        
        is some loss, limitation or difference of functioning of the mind or body精神或身体功能的某些损失、限制或差异
      - Disablity残疾
        
        a physical or mental impairment prevents a person from carrying out everyday activities身体或精神障碍
    - - Shakespeare suggests that disability should be seen as a social construction: a problem created by the attitudes of society and not be the state of our bodies 莎士比亚认为决定残疾的不仅仅是个人的身体或精神状况，而是社会感知和应对这些状况的方式
        
        Example
        
        The way society assigns value and meaning to different abilities. In some cultures, certain impairments may be stigmatized or viewed as a sign of inferiority, leading individuals with those impairments to experience discrimination and marginalization. This societal attitude can turn an impairment into a disability by limiting opportunities for education, employment, social interaction, and other aspects of life. 某些缺陷可能会被污名化或被视为自卑的标志，导致有这些缺陷的个人遭受歧视和边缘化
        
        Concept of accessibility. A person who uses a wheelchair may not be disabled by their impairment if they live in a society that provides ramps, elevators, and other accommodations that allow them to fully participate in daily activities. However, if the same individual lives in a society where these accommodations are lacking or inaccessible, their impairment becomes disabling because it prevents them from fully engaging in society on an equal basis with others.
      - Shakespeare's 观点强调 the importance of understanding disability not just as a medical or individual issue, but as a social and cultural phenomenon shaped by societal attitudes, norms, and structures. By recognizing this, we can work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society for people with disabilities.
    - - Social Model
        
        it is society which disables physically impaired people because the disabled are excluded from full participation in society by stereotypical attitudes held by able bodied people
        
        disability as the inability to fully engage in home and community life due to the interaction between impairments and social or physical barriers. It delineates disabilities as societal restrictions, contrasting them with impairments, which are the effects of a condition. Instead of focusing on fixing individuals, this model advocates for societal changes to accommodate diverse functional abilities. By adapting environments, both social and physical, we can enhance the quality of life and opportunities for everyone, regardless of impairments
        
        残疾是指无法充分参与家庭和社区生活。根据该模型，功能限制或损伤与身体和社会障碍之间的相互作用创造了残疾环境。社会模型区分残疾（社会施加的限制）和损伤（任何特定条件的影响）。解决方案不是改变人，而是改变我们的社会，以适应具有一系列功能能力的人。通过适应社会和物质环境，我们可以改善有缺陷和无缺陷的人的生活质量和机会
      - Medical Model
        
        disability was seen in terms of a person’s inability to fully participate in various activities that the rest of us take for granted. Disabled people were therefore seen as relianton the able bodied
        
        The Medical Model perceives disability as an individual's defect, needing correction for a better life. Health professionals are seen as the key to fixing disabilities. However, many with disabilities embrace their identity, integral to their self-concept and societal connections. Negative perceptions can diminish self-worth and opportunities
        
        医学模型将残疾视为个人的缺陷。它认为残疾是与正常特征和特征相比的失常。根据这个模型，缺陷必须被治愈、修复或完全消除，个人才能拥有高质量的生活。医疗保健和社会服务专业人员被视为拥有纠正或修改这些条件的唯一权力。然而，许多残疾人强烈认同自己的残疾，这代表了他们如何看待自己以及与家庭和社会联系的重要因素。当残疾被负面看待时，怜悯和羞耻的信息可能会导致自我价值降低和机会减少
  - - - Gender is psychological心理上的 and refers to our awareness and reaction to biological sex生物性别
      - 决定by biological, psychological and sociological factors
      - Masculine and feminine are 心理学术语 that refer to a person’s gender
      - Gender roles 是特定行为established by社会for男人女人
      - Gender identity requires the ability to 标记自己和其他人as a boy/ girl or man/ woman
      - Differences
        
        Differences in Physical Development and Behavior
        
        Boys are bigger, stronger, faster, and more active
        男性的睾酮水平较高
        
        Girls are healthier and better on tasks requiring fine-motor coordination
        
        Differences in Intellectual Abilities and Achievement
        
        Verbal ability
        
        女孩擅长阅读拼写写作并且不太可能出现与语言相关的困难
        
        Spatial ability
        
        boys surpass girls at mental rotation and determining relations between objects in space 心理旋转和确定空间物体之间关系
        
        Math
        
        girls often get better grades and are better at computational skills, but boys excel in math problem solving
        
        Differences in Personality and Social Behavior
        
        Aggression
        
        boys are more likely to be physically aggressive and girls more likely to be relationally aggressive
        
        Emotional sensitivity
        
        girls are better to express emotions and interpret others’ emotions
        
        Social influence
        
        girls are more compliant and girls and women are more likely to be influenced by persuasive messages and group pressure, may come from females valuing group harmony
        
        Depression
        
        adolescent girls more likely to be depressed
      - Gender Identity
        
        Socializing Influences of 人&媒体
        
        Parents treat sons and daughters alike except for gender-related behaviour
        
        Peers critical of cross-gender play
        
        Cognitive Theories of Gender Identity
        性别认同的认知理论
        
        Gender identity develops gradually: gender labelling, stability, consistency, and constancy
        
        According to gender-schema theory, once children learn their gender, they more focus on适合性别的物体和活动
        
        Biological Influences
        
        Evolutionary adaptation进化适应 to male and female roles may influence gender differences
        
        TV depicts stereotyped views of gender
      - Gender Roles and Social Inequality
        
        Sexism is the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other.
        性别歧视变成a self-fulfilling prophecy
- - - - Individual to Individual
      - Individual to Groups
      - Grps to Grps
      - Individual to Culture
  - - - limited to a specific geographic location
      - made up of individuals who are more closely connected
      - most often share similar characteristics
    - - made up of people living in different places
      - made up of direct and indirect social connections btwn ppl
      - most often include more diversity (different背景, social classes, race)
- - - - Women, non-binary people and transgender people often face barriers in a number of areas.
    - - Some races are perceived as inferior to others, and this perception can lead to unequal treatment in social services.
    - - In multi-religious societies, minority religions may be discriminated against, excluded on the basis of their beliefs
    - - Restrictions on access to education, employment, etc. for lower caste groups.
    - - Lack of acceptance or understanding of the cultural practices and values of minorities by the dominant culture.
    - - Discrimination is one of the direct causes of social exclusion.
    - - Economic status, level of education, disability, sexual orientation, etc
  - - - Some minority groups voluntarily 排除自己from wider society
      - a phenomenon distinct from social exclusion, which is often imposed on individuals due to factors beyond their control
    - - 包括 denial of citizenship rights such as political participation and the right to organize, and also of personal security, the rule of law, freedom of expression and 机会平等.
      - This is often tied to poverty, creating a divide between citizens based on their rights and opportunities.
    - - 通过discrimination based on factors like 性别, 种族, 年龄, limiting access to 社会服务 and reducing participation in the labor market for affected groups.
    - - refers to the extent to which diverse values, norms and ways of living are accepted and respected
  - - - 社会上well paid jobs are increasingly only open to graduates
      - 大学让人们发展soft skills of 沟通 & networking with 其他人 who will be the “movers and shakers” of the future.
    - - it is difficult to find a job when there is no address to return applications to.
    - - 低薪比失业更困难, as the person may not be entitled to相同福利 the unemployed are
      - The so-called benefits trap is why unemployed ppl may 选择不工作的主要原因
    - - Most violent crime and robberies are committed in socially excluded areas, usually by people from those areas.
      - a person committing a criminal act from a socially excluded background are much greater
- - - - Migrants who 去其他土地 that has been conquered by their own nation and enjoy higher status on account of their ethnic ties to the ruling power.
      - 不适应customs, locals adapt to their customs
      - eg, migration among those keen to serve and maintain empires such as the British and French diasporas
    - - A community, often members of an extended family, that goes abroad to conduct trade in a host society.
      - 他们得到东道国的许可, 学习当地语言& customs, but do not assimilate.
    - - A class of ppl who have been banished from their place of origin and sent to another land.
      - Usually a result of a traumatic event, like conquest征服, persecution迫害, enslavement奴役, genocide种族灭绝 or exile流放.
      - Eg, Africans in the North Atlantic Slave Trade
        the migration, exile, and refugees of Syrians
    - - Indentured servants契约仆人 & labor migrants劳务移民
    - - Ways in which a State disseminated their cultural worldwide