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Heredity and Genetic - Coggle Diagram
Heredity and Genetic
Earlobe attachment:
- Detached earlobes hang free, while attached earlobes connect directly to the sides of the head.
- Earlobe attachment is a continuous trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Tongue Rolling:
- Some people can curl up the sides of their tongue to form a tube shape, while others cannot.
- Tongue rolling is believed to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Dimples:
- Dimples are small indentations on the cheeks that can be present from birth or develop later in childhood.
- Dimples are highly heritable but their inheritance is not completely predictable, suggesting a combination of genetic and environmental influences.
Handedness:
- Describes the preference for using either the left or right hand for activities.
- Handedness is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors, with brain development playing a significant role.
Freckles:
- Small, concentrated spots of melanin pigment on the skin, most commonly found in fair-skinned individuals.
- Controlled primarily by the MC1R gene, with dominant inheritance patterns.
Curly Hair:
- Hair texture influenced by genes, with curly hair being more common in certain populations.
- Inheritance patterns are often unpredictable due to the involvement of multiple genes.
Hand Clasping:
- Describes which thumb is on top when folding hands together influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
- Although it has a strong genetic basis, its inheritance pattern is not entirely predictable.
Red/Green Colorblindness:
- Caused by a single gene located on the X-chromosome, resulting in difficulty differentiating between red and green colors.
- Follows a predictable recessive, sex-linked inheritance pattern.
Hairline Shape (Widow's Peak):
- Describes the shape of the hairline, either forming a point at the center of the forehead (widow's peak) or straight.
- Likely controlled by genes, but inheritance patterns are unpredictable, suggesting multiple gene involvement.
PTC Tasting:
- Ability to taste the chemical PTC, influenced by a single gene that codes for a bitter-taste receptor on the tongue.
- Follows a predictable pattern of inheritance, with tasting being dominant over non-tasting.
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We are all unique. Even though we share some characteristics with our peers and our family members, every one of us has a unique combination of traits. Some traits are controlled by genes that pass from parent to child. Others are acquired through learning. But most are influenced by a combination of genes and environmental factors.
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Probability is a vital tool in predicting genetic traits by applying Mendelian inheritance patterns and known genetic principles. Using methods like Punnett squares and probability calculations, scientists can determine the likelihood of specific traits appearing in offspring based on the genotypes of parents. Population genetics utilizes probability to predict allele frequencies and changes within populations over time, while pedigree analysis assesses the inheritance of traits within families to estimate future occurrences. In conclusion, probability enables geneticists to make informed predictions about the inheritance of traits and the dynamics of genetic variation, contributing to our understanding of genetics and heredity.
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- Down syndrome is a genetic condition that affects approximately 1 in every 1,100 babies born in Australia2. It is not an illness or disease, but rather a condition caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 in every cell, which results in cognitive impairment and various physical characteristics. There are three types of Down syndrome, which are Trisomy 21, Translocation Down syndrome, and Mosaic Down syndrome.
- Symptoms of Down syndrome include some degree of cognitive impairment, which can range from mild to severe, and various physical features such as a flattened face, almond-shaped eyes, a short neck, and small ears. People with Down syndrome may also have health issues like heart defects, hypothyroidism, and osteoporosis.
- Diagnosis of Down syndrome can be done through various tests during pregnancy, such as blood tests, ultrasound, and noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS), or after birth through a karyotype test, which analyzes the chromosomes in a blood sample.
- Treatment for Down syndrome is focused on supporting individuals with the condition to reach their full potential. This may include speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and regular medical care to address any health issues.
- Prevention of Down syndrome is not possible, as it is caused by genetic factors beyond individual control.
- Complications of Down syndrome can include heart defects, hypothyroidism, and gastrointestinal issues, among others. It is recommended that all newborns with Down syndrome be checked by a pediatric cardiologist to assess for congenital heart disease.