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PHYLUM CHORDATA
5 CHORDATE HALLMARKS, SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA,…
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VERTEBRATE ORGAN SYSTEMS
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
While vertebrates still possess the five chordate hallmarks, some key innovations set them apart: the vertebral column and cranium.
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There are three hypotheses regarding the evolution of early vertebrates, which are represented through these "steps": Prevertebrate, Agnathan, and Gnathostome.
ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES
AGNATHAN
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Feeding: Muscular Pump
modifications in oral cavity (e.g., teeth in tongue)
more active feeding lifestyle (deposit feeding, thicker fluid consumption, feeding on dead animals)
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INTEGUMENT SYSTEM
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FISH INTEGUMENT
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NON-KERATINIZED, COVERED WITH MUCUS CUTICLE
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TETRAPOD INTEGUMENT
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MAMMALIAN INTEGUMENT
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ACCESSORY ORGANS
HAIR
HAIR ANATOMY
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ROOT
HAIR BULB
deepest root portion
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ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE
adjacent smooth muscle that erects hair in the cold (e.g., goosebumps)
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HAIR FUNCTIONS
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HAIR ROOT PLEXUS
sensory structures (e.g., feeling the wind)
DEAD, keratinized EPITHELIAL cells held together by proteins
NAILS
Plates of tightly packed, hard, DEAD KERATINIZED cells that cover the dorsal surface of the distal portion of digits
NAIL ANATOMY
FREE EDGE
extends past distal digit end, white due to absence of capillaries
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NAIL PLATE
visible portion, pink due to dermis BVs
GLANDS
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APOCRINE
thick, lipid-containing fluid
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APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
associated w/ body odor
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MAMMARY GLANDS
produce MILK
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BIRD INTEGUMENT
EPIDERMIS
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FEATHERS
PARTS
SPATHE
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VANE
gets shape from
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATIONS
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HISTOLOGY
Skeletal
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striated
Skeletal Muscle Cell
MYOFIBRILS
SARCOMERE
Z-Disc: separates sarcomeres, anchors ACTIN
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Smooth
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function: peristalsis, vasoconstriction, vasodilation
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CONTRACTION
Tonic Muscle
slow, sustained contractions
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Twitch Muscle
Classifications
Fast Twitch
Fast twitch, fatigue-resistant (FR)
weaker, sustained contractions
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Fast twitch, fatiguable (FF)
strong, fast contractions
powerful bursts (e.g., punching)
Slow Twitch (S Fibers)
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posture, aerobic endurance exercise
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Order of Recruitment: S, FR, SS
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TENDONS & APONERUOSES
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APONEUROSES
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head (epicranial aponeurosis), palms (palmar aponeurosis), soles of feed (plantar aponeurosis)
MUSCLE TERMS
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Muscle Actions
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Pronation
Supination
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONE AND CARTILAGE
CARTILAGE
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Types
Hyaline
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LOCATION: on articular surface, rib tips, tracheal cartilage, parts of the skull
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Fibrocartilage
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LOCATION: weight-bearing & bending body regions (intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, and the knee meniscus)
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BONE
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CLASSIFICATIONS
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Embryonic
development
Intramembranous
Arises from dermal bones
(e.g., skull, pectoral girdle)
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AXIAL SKELETON
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Vertebral column
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Regionalization
Bony Fish
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Early tetrapods
4 REGIONS: Caudal, Sacral, Trunk, Cervical
Primitive Amniote
4 REGIONS: Caudal, Sacral, Thoracolumbar, Cervical
Early mammals
5 REGIONS: Caudal, Sacral, Lumbar, Thorax, Cervical
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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ACCESSORY GLANDS
Oral Glands
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Salivary Glands
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SALIVA
mucus, salts, proteins, enzymes
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Liver
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Functions
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Detoxification (e.g., alcohol)
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Pancreas
Exocrine
Digestive Enzymes
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Trypsin
from trypsinogen, protease
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CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ensures steady oxygen supply, upon
which metabolic processes depend on
Respiratory System
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Respiratory Organs
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Gas Bladders
Swim Bladders
Dorsal aspect
Supplements respiration
(respiratory gas bladder), buoyancy aid, sound tracking
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Respiration in Eggs
CHORIOALLANTOIS
Under the shell, chorioallantois acts as a respiratory organ
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Structures in Adult Tunicate: Pharynx, Endostyle, DHNC = Ganglia
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The map begins by outlining the five hallmark characteristics of chordates, which serves as the foundational framework for understanding chordate evolution.
We discussed 5 major organ systems for vertebrates, which includes the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, digestive, and cardiorespiratory systems. It is most helpful to separate the map into individual systems to make the flow much clearer and comprehensible.