Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Opposition, 1920 non-cooperation movement
launched by Gandhi to have…
Opposition
Africa
sudan
The Mahdist revolt
- Muhammad Ahmed claimed himself Mahdi, led revolt against the Turkish oppressor in 1881
- Egypt was having its own rebellions, so couldnt fight back until 1883
- they were quickly defeated and their lost weapons strengthen the Mahdi
- Britain unwilling to fight a costly war so sent general Gordon to help evacuate the Egyptians from Sudan
- In Khartoum he became unwilling to sacrifice the city to the Mahdists so easily
- the Mahdist besieged Khartoum
- relief column arrived too late
- city’s had fallen
- Gordon killed
- wasn’t until 1896 that British re-entered the war
- Kitchener’s revenge
- Kitchener moved his maxim machine guns and troops south on new train lines, met the Mahdists in Omdurman
- massacre
- mahdist lost 11,000
- British lost less then 48
- the killing of the wounded
- Britian gained Sudan (after fashoda incident)
Consequences
- region gained after British presence
- telegraph and railway lines, port Sudan opened in 1906
- many Sudanese welcomed the downfall of the Mahdist regime which had destroyed the Sudanese economy and seen a 50% decline in population
British somaliland 1913
- Somali religious warrior Madmullah saw it as his duty
To resist British authority
- Sayid Hassan built a force of 20,000 dervishes
- aimed to stop British gains in somaliland
- dervished secured a victory at battle of Dul Madoba in 1919
Zanzibar 1896
- British control challenged by Khalid Bin Barghash after death of Hamad Bin Thuwaini
- although Khalid commanded 3000 he quickly fled following bombardment from British ships
- only lasted 2 days
West Africa
- in 1898 British governor of Sierra Leone introduced severe hut taxes which was met with resistance (colonal Cardew)
- he responded with scorched earth policy
- this secured surrender from Cheif Bai Bureh in November 1898
- 96 of the chief’s warriors were hanged
- National congress of west Africa in 1919 founded, dominated by educated elite in the Gold Coast
- the congress’ demands for moe representation gained some concessions granted in the 1920s
West African students union WASU founded in 1919
- helped to bring together students from various west African countries studying in London
- inspired greater radicalism
Pan African congress 1945
- convened in Manchester
- called for the autonomy and independence of black Africa
-
India
Violent opposition
- The Abhinav organisation 1903
- young India organisation 1903
- became home for revolutionaries and poltiical activist
- established branches in various parts of India
- carried out assassinations of British officials including a district magistrate
Anushlian samiti 1908
- terrorist group killed 2 British women in car bomb
Chauri Chauri 1922
- violence erupted among protestors in the non-cooperation movements
- police opened fire
- demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station
- 23 police killed
- Indian national congress called for end to the non-cooperation movement
1942 quit India movement
- demanded British withdrawal
- sporadic small scale violence took place around the country
- failed due to heavy handed suppression and weak coordination
-
-
-
peaceful opposition
- Swadeshi
- self sufficiency campaign
- designed to undermine British rule
- boycott of British goods
- six-year campaign successful as resulted in Bengal being reunited in 1911
- methods influenced Gandhi
Ghandi’s salt march 1930
- a highly visible demonstration against the repressive salt tax
- 50,000 people
- Britain made thousands of arrests
- embarrassing for Britain as civil rights were an important issue around the war
-
South Africa
Boer war
1st Boer war
causes:
- 1820s saw British settlement on the cape
- English culture and language taking over e.g 1830s abolishment of slavery
- Boers were uneasy with this social change which led to the Great Trek in 1835
- moved into the interior of Africa
- Boers established the orange free state and the Transvaal
- Boers facing threats from the Zulu
- British moved soldiers into the area in 1877 and declared the republic annexed for its ‘protection’
- British used the Transvaal as part of launching the Zulu war in 1879
- after the Zulus were defeated the Boers began to take arms
- Boer defence relied on a commando system
- horses, rifles, marksmen
- British ambushed and massacred
- heavy losses!!
- Majuba Hill
- British lost, troops withdrawn
2nd Boer war 1899-1902
CAUSES:
- Cecil Rhodes was prime minister of cape colony
- he aimed to create a South African federation
- this aim stemmed from irritation at damage of high tariffs imposed by the Boers were causing to trade and Hostility to Kruger
- the power of the Transvaal had grown since discovery of Gold in 1886
- German presence increasing anxiety and need to expand
- Jameson raid of 1895 attempted to overthrow Kruger’s governemnt
- Britain began to fear a German-Boer alliance
Jameson raid 1895
- encouraged the Uitlanders to rebel as they lacked many rights and high level of discontent
- the raid failed and encouraged the Transvaal to import foreign arms
- Kruger congratulated the Boers which worsened Anglo-German relations
what happened?
- British began to build up troops along the Transvaal border until September 1899
- Kruger sent an ultimatum demanding they withdraw
- this was ignored and war declared in October 1899
- January 1900, thousands of British reinforcements arrived in South Africa
- Boer then launched a Guerrilla war
- 250,000 troops struggled to maintain control over the region
- Scoruched earth policy
- concentration camps
- 40,000 imprisoned Boers died
- involved 400,000 troops and cost £230 million
- peace of Vereeninging signed in 1902 (ended the war)
consequences
- acceptance of British sovereignty in 1902
- moral and military shortcomings displayed by Britain in the name of empire
- shook Britain’s confidence
- 22,000 British troops dead
- showed vulnerability of Britain’s imperial control
- Dampened Jingoism
- number of Britons unable to fight in the war saw introduction of welfare state
- Boers were granted £3 million compensation
- union of South Africa agreed as an independent dominion within the British empire
Other examples
Malay states
- the principle Malay nationalist organisation UMNO initially cooperated with British to defeat communists
- opposes British ideas of Malayan union
- after British agreed to establishment of federation of Malay in 1949, giving semi-autonomous power to the region, it focused on political independence
- British cooperated with the UMNO
- the militant Malayan communist party attacked farms and police stations
- their strike activity and disruption of transport and communication system provoked the Malayan emergency
- the Malayan communist party was made illegal in 1948
- Malayan commissioner was shot dead
1920 non-cooperation movement
- launched by Gandhi to have Indians revoke their cooperation from the British governemnt
- with the aim of pushing self-governance
- came as a result of the Indian national congress withdrawing its support for British reforms following the Rowlatt act of march which suspended the rights of poltiical prisoners in sedition trials
- Satygarah= non violence
- self-reliance
- was withdrawn after the Chauri Chauriincident