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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 如果一个国家资源不多，那么发展经济就更困难
    - - 没有钱, modern infrastructures, or industries 会很难发展经济
    - - 国家需要skilled workers and unskilled workers来发展经济
  - - - no. of ppl live in cities vs countryside
    - - no. of skilled workers
    - - the monetary value of all finished 商品和服务 made within a country during a specific period
    - - estimate of total value of all the final 商品和服务 turned out in a given period by the means of production owned by a country's residents
    - - the average amount of money earned by each person
    - - How much of the economy is devoted to primary, secondary, or tertiary economic activity.
    - - Higher per capita income
        
        With a significant portion of the economy focused on high-value tertiary activities, which generally offer higher wages than primary and secondary sectors
        
        advanced 科技and higher 生产率 in these countries contribute to higher incomes
      - Higher urban/ rural ratio
        
        industrialization and subsequent economic development that 创造更多工作机会
      - Economy based on tertiary economic activity
        
        predominantly based on services (tertiary sector) rather than agriculture (primary) or manufacturing (secondary).
      - Higher GNP (Gross National Product)
        
        due to higher overall economic output, which 包括income from nationals working abroad and income generated from foreign investments
      - Higher GDP per capita
        
        GDP per capita is a measure of a country's economic output divided by its population.
        
        with their 高生产率, technological advancement, and service-based economies, generally produce more goods and services per person, 造成更高GDP per capita.
      - Higher levels of education
        
        注重and invest heavily in 教育across all levels, from primary to tertiary, recognizing the role of education in promoting personal and economic development.
        
        高教育也支持the service-based industries predominant in these economies, which often require advanced 技能和知识.
  - - - increase in no.of individuals in population
    - - 有些国家有多young pp有些有多older ppl
    - - no of ppl who can 读&写
    - - how long the average person lives
    - - no. of babies that die at birth or within 第一年of life
    - - no of ppl living in cities
    - - Low population growth rates
        
        due to lower birth rates and stable or declining mortality rates.
        
        Factors such as access to education, employment opportunities, especially for women, and widespread use of contraceptives contribute to fewer children per family.
      - Higher % of 老人
        
        advanced healthcare systems and social safety nets that increase life expectancy.
        
        Coupled with lower birth rates, 造成a greater proportion of the population being elderly.
      - High literacy rates
        
        Developed countries usually invest heavily in education at all levels.
        
        Universal access to primary and secondary education, along with higher education and vocational training opportunities, results in high literacy rates.
        
        Education is often seen as critical to personal and national success, leading to significant public and private investment.
      - Long life expectancies
        
        With comprehensive healthcare services, 包括preventative care, vaccinations, and advanced medical treatments, 更高standards of living, such as nutrition and housing
      - Low infant mortality rates
        
        婴儿死亡率within their first year of life低因为advanced medical technologies, effective prenatal and postnatal care, educated populations about infant care, and general socioeconomic conditions that reduce the risk factors associated with infant deaths.
      - High % of population living in urban areas
        
        Industrialization tends to draw populations into urban areas for employment opportunities, leading to urbanization.
        
        services that provide more jobs and better quality of life than rural areas also expand.
        
        Urban concentration 支持diverse lifestyles and tends to offer greater accessibility to 服务, 包括教育医疗娱乐, 吸引更多人住在城市
- - - - 每个人都了解自己的角色和贡献
      - More sustainable than a technology-based economy
      - Little or no friction between 成员
    - - Exposed to changes in nature and weather patterns
      - Vulnerable to market or command economies that use up their natural resources
  - - - Society are often born into their roles in the community
      - Economic decisions are often made by 整个社区 or by one particular family or tribal leader
      - Less environmentally destructive than industrial markets
    - - Exposed to changes in nature and weather patterns.
      - Exposed to changes in nature and weather patterns.
      - Scarcity of 人类资源
  - - - 可以quickly mobilize economic resources on a large scale
      - execute massive projects, and create industrial power;
    - - Elimination of the free market. The laws of supply and demand don't set prices—政府does.
      - Create 黑市 to trade the things the planners没有提供
  - - - 消费者pay the highest price they want to, and 企业只生产profitable商品和服务. There is a lot of incentive for entrepreneurship.
      - 资源的竞争leads to the most efficient use of the factors of production since businesses are very competitive.
      - 企业invest heavily in r&d. There is an incentive for constant innovation as companies compete to 提供消费者更好的商品
    - - 因为fiercely competitive nature of 自由市场, 企业不care elderly or disabled. This lack of focus on societal benefit leads to higher income inequality.
      - Since the market is driven solely by self-interest, economic needs to have a priority over social and human needs like providing healthcare for the poor. 消费者can also be exploited by monopolies.
  - - - a) USA – agricultural subsidies, markets for goods, mixed de-/regulation of utilities
      - b) Bolivia – subsistence agriculture, markets for consumer goods, State-owned mineral resources
    - - less 政府intervention than a command economy. This results in 私人企业 that can run more efficiently and cut costs down than a 政府entity might.
      - 政府可以intervene to correct market failures. Eg, most 政府will come in and break up 大公司 if they abuse monopoly power
      - 政府会create safety net programs like healthcare or social security.
      - 政府会用taxation policies to redistribute 收入and 减少inequality.
    - - There are criticisms from both sides arguing that 有时候太多government intervention, 有时候不够
      - State-run industries are often subsidized by the 政府and run into large debts 因为 they are uncompetitive.
- - - - i. Executive decision makers
      - ii. Government
  - - - Subsistence
        
        Nomadic herding游牧: 生产食物给家庭& to fulfill the needs of clothing, shelter and recreation. It is the simplest form of pastoralism
        
        Shifting cultivation轮耕 (farming cycles, crop rotation, slash & burn clearing, migratory)
        
        Extensive agriculture: 农业生产系统 that uses small inputs of 人力, 肥料, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.
        
        Intensive agriculture: agricultural intensification and mechanization system that aims to maximize yields from available land through various means, such as heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
        
        Urban agriculture: the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas.
        
        好处: lower impact (有时), smaller quantities, polyculture/ biodiversity, sustainable, labor-intensive, small
        surplus
      - Commercial
        
        大规模生产供销售的crops, intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets.
        
        also extends to limited distribution (local produce stands) and any nonfood crops such as cotton and tobacco.
        
        贡献substantially to the gross domestic product of a country.
        
        Receive substantial government support aimed at increased domestic production and 出口
        
        Dependent on markets for seeds, fertilizers, tools, irrigation, etc.
        
        好处: efficient for large populations, less labor with higher yields
        
        坏处: monoculture, overproduction, resource intensive, cropland for meat less efficient, cruelty, overconsumption of meat, pollution and environmental degradation, energy intensive
    - - Traditional export patterns
        
        Raw materials extracted from less-developed countries
        
        Manufactured goods exported to more-developed countries
      - Changing export patterns
        
        Raw material exports decreased
        
        Manufacturing primarily where labor is inexpensive and lack in environmental controls
      - Shifts in the 生产from locally-used goods to exportable goods
      - Green Revolution: increased of crop production due to technological improvements
      - Fluctuations in commodity prices; flexibility in where things can be produced
      - Largest point of disagreement btwn wealthier and poorer 国家; Produce trade inequalities
  - - - ✔wages based on sustaining labor
      - ✔Productivity
  - - - Data processing
      - Information storage
      - Research and development (R&D)
      - Higher education
  - - - Countries that are landlocked will have a difficult time transporting goods. Landlocked means a country does not have an outlet to an ocean
      - Countries that are islands or on the coast will have an easier time exchanging goods.
      - Proximity to shipping lanes.
      - Access to communication networks