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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - rule by a person - King,Queen,Emperor
      - Monarchs generally reign统治 of life
      - 多数君主制度是hereditary. When the monarch dies, 儿子/女儿/亲属将成为下一个monarch.
      - Absolute monarch – monarch rules with 无限权力
      - A constitutional, or limited, monarch has an elected government that runs the country. 君主的权利就小了
      - eg, UK, Saudi Arabia,Sweden, Norway
    - - rule by single person / a small grp of ppl which拥有控制人民所有权力
      - no consent同意 of the ppl to rule the country
      - eg, North Korea, Afghanistan
    - - rule by ppl - citizen有政治权利directly or through election
      - basic principle: equality & 自由
      - Voting是democratic process(选举)的重要组成部分
      - a written system of 法律&保护确保自由(constitution)
      - eg, Malaysia, USA, France
    - - all power held by govn in the name of ppl
      - 共产主义regards the society or community as powerful
      - profit is share equally in copmmunity
      - eg, republic of China, Vietnam, Laos, Cuba
- - - - segregation along class lines is affected through various mechanisms such as the housing market, 有效地决定了谁能负担得起在哪里居住
      - Gentrification: involves the transformation of urban areas through regeneration or renewal efforts that attract more affluent residents.
        
        leads to the displacement of the original, predominantly working-class inhabitants.
        
        reflects broader socio-economic processes & shows the financial power of home-owners & power of finance capital
      - The built environment reflects the needs or perceived needs of different household types and social categories
      - Regeneration of 多个space主要因为 transformation of the land use of the area which also reflects changes in the meaning of place.
      - These territorial strategies work in ways which ensure a particular residential mix and may well serve to link together both racial and class divisions.
    - - racialization种族化
        
        process by which racialized grps are identifed, given stereotypical characteristcs & coerced into specific living conditions
        
        时常涉及social/spatial segregation &时常form racialized places
      - Example:
        
        Apartheid system (种族隔离制度) in South Africa, 一种领土制度用来enhanced and entrenched 政治、经济和社会权力of 少数白人人口 over non-white populations.
        
        Negative stereotyping of gypsies 吉普赛人 in much of Europe has led to considerable discrimination
        
        In most US cities, the elites and middle class are disproportionally white, contributing to race/ class segregation
      - Positive effects
        
        Culstering可防御attack by majority grp - degree of mutual support and strengthen a sense of belonging and community
        
        一些少数民族群体成为sites on tourists & gastronomic circuits (唐人街)
        
        transformation of land use
      - Negative effects:
        
        racial ideology 种族意识形态remained in racialized space.
        
        Ghettos贫民区 & other inner city areas被视为home of underclass 代表要避开的危险地方
      - 其他分类，例如religious affiliation，may provide basis for parallel territorialities
    - - absence of women in particular places due to
        
        overt discrimination or active discouragement
        
        pursuits not being deemed suitable for women
      - Historically, gender division of labour confine women to the private realm (housework), leaving men to inhabit (much of) the public domain.
      - confining of women to domestic space, and their exclusion from male territories, was the key element in male control.
    - - Private property is human territorial behaviour的结果. It represents a claim to space that is reinforced by 很多国家的legal system.
      - Example
        
        Domestic home often spatially divided in terms of age, gender
        
        workplace, managerial strategies 有些area只给certain level的员工进去. Work hierarchies are reflected in the spatial arrangements of the workplace
      - 个人空间 is the physical space surrounding someone, into which encroachment侵犯can feel threatening or uncomfortable.
      - The amount of space needed appears to vary from one society to another.
- - - - 通过民族主义(即对自己民族的强烈自豪感和归属感),一个国家可以形成更具包容性的民族认同感
      - 这种包容性的身份与国家的地理和政治边界相一致,这意味着它涵盖了这些边界内的所有不同群体和个人
      - 这个想法是民族主义可以帮助团结一个国家内的不同人民,创造一种与整个民族国家相匹配的集体认同感
  - - - Kurdish nation. people in middle east not recognized as a nation by Turkey, Iraq, Iran. Boundaries are set for political, not ethnographic reasons
      - Basques in Spain & France. Basque nationalist organizations want independence for a Basque state
- - - - Create the administrative units
      - Determine how many of them are to be created
      - Determine where their boundaries should pass
      - Who should rule those areas
- - - - 好处: 沟通更efficient
      - 坏处:
        
        Does not affect the peacefulness of the state, especially if the state contains various ethnic groups.
        
        Depending on the location, it’s easy to invade入侵
      - eg, Kenya, Poland
  - - - 好处: 更难攻击，因为找到资源的可能性更大
      - 坏处:
        
        沟通less efficient
        
        很难维持peace
      - eg, 印尼, 菲律宾, 美国, 俄罗斯
  - - - 好处: depend on State在哪里, elongated shape更容易access资源 (coastline)
      - 坏处: suffer from poor沟通 within boundaries 因为the ends of the State are relatively isolated from capital
      - eg, Chile, Vietnam
  - - - Proruptions are created for 2 reasons:
        
        提供一国家 with access to a resource such as water
        
        To separate two states that would otherwise share a border
      - 好处: more access to 资源depands on where thay located
      - 坏处:may have poor沟通
      - eg, Zambia, Afghanistan
  - - - 好处: 小国家depends on the perforated State for good importation and exportation. so 维持好的关系很重要
      - 坏处: 小国家有更多坏处as it depends on perforated State
      - eg, South Africa
- - - - Mountain Boundaries
        
        effective边界因为很难cross
        
        mountains seperate 2国家
      - Desert Boundaries
        
        common type in Africa & Asia
        
        States之间的边界lies in a desert
        
        hard to cross & sparsely inhabited
      - Water Boundaries
        
        common in East Africa
        
        边界typically in the middle of water, 但不always
        
        water让邻居更难attack因为troop transport
        
        Most States claimed the boundary is not at the coastline, but out at sea - defense and resources purposes.
        
        17个国家签署Law of the Sea (1983) recognizes borders at 12 nautical miles – with exclusive fishing rights to 200 nautical miles
    - - Geometric Boundaries
        
        invisible drawan officially without the guidance or landform that can be seen
        
        Depend on socially developed systems of demarcation like parallels or meridians
        
        eg, DPRK (North Korea) and ROK (South Korea) along 38th Parallel
      - Religious Boundaries
        
        boudaries that match with不同宗教
        
        eg, British split India into states based on religion, Hindus in India, Muslims in Pakistan
      - Language Boundaries
        
        based on different languages
        
        eg, Spain and France where most people in Spain speak Spanish while most people in France speak in French
  - - - lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries
      - Landlocked states are at the mercy of other states for the use of their seaports
      - 16 out of the 54 countries in Africa are landlocked
    - - Most States claimed the boundary is not at the coastline, but out at sea
        
        defence and resources purposes.
    - - Movement of peoples across border
      - Natural resource reserves in border regions (Iraq-Kuwait)
      - Physical or cultural resource on adjacent land in neighbouring state (Jerusalem)