Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Transformation of the Cold War II - Coggle Diagram
Transformation of the Cold War II
Results of the cricis
Short term
Communist Cuba survived - Kennedy assured he wouldn't invade
USSR publically withdrew it's missiles from Cuba, to promote world peace
USA secretly withdrew its misslies from Turkey
USSR look weak and Khrushchev was replaced by Brezhnev in 1964
Long term
Crici began to mvoe towards Detente, an easing of tension
Hotlne Agreement created a direct communication link between Washingotn and Moscow
Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963) - nuclear weapon testing was banned except for underground
Kennedy gave a speech in 1963 about working with the USSR
Outer Space treaty signed in 1967, limited deployment of nuclear weapons in space
Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968 - prevented nucelar weapons being given to other countries
Prague spring
Czechoslovakia
Economy and living standards declined under the one party communist state
Any opposition was crushed
Czech econoist Ota Sik called for economic reform and later a full potiical reform, he was well supported
Dubcek
1968 - Dubcek was made the Czechoslovakina leader
He was a good friend of Brezhnev who believed he could calm the reform calls
Dubcek wanted to make communism easier to live under, he called his programme, socialism with a human face
Dubcek's reforms
Ducek's reforms results in the prague spring, a period of increased political freedom
Press cencorship ended, and freedom of speech allowed
Other parties were allowed alongside the communists
Soviet control reduced and more power give to the Czech parliament
Secret police were restricted
Czech response
People welcomed Dubcek's reforms
Writers like Milan Kundera wrote books that were highly critical of the Soviet style communim
Effect on Warsaw Pact countries
Brezhnev was worried that the Prague spring would lead to demands for reform elsewhere in the Easter Bloc
Dubcek was a friend of Brezhnev and militery action would damage the USSR's reputiation
If Brezhnev did nothign then further reforms would rise and the Eastern Bloc might collapse
USSR's response
Response
Brezhnev couldn't allow the reforms as any weakness might break up the Warsaw Pact
In August 1968, USSR sent tanks to Prague and Dubcek was arrested
Czechoslovakia returned to right Soviet rule
100 Czechs died
Brezhnev Doctrine
In November 1968, Brezhnev made it clear that the USSR was determined to maintain communist governments in Europe
USSR declared the right to invade any Eastern bloc country
Effect on West
USA and West Germany condemned invasion
USA didn't retaliate as they were involved in the Vietnam War
Western Communists cut their ties with USSR
Effect on the East
Invasion and Brezhnev Doctrine limited reforms in other Warsaw Pact countries
Soviet control over the Easter Bloc was strengthened
Romanian and Yugoslavia condemned the invasion and signed alliances with communist china
Sources of tension
Conflicting ideologies in Vietnam
USA wanted to stop communism from spreading in Vietnam and neighbouring countries
Comomunists didn' like the USA foricng capitalims on communist Vietnamese
60,000 Americans were killed
USA withdrew in 1973 and by 1975 the whole of Vietnam was communists
Soviet Record on Human rights
Communism placed the state before the rights and freedoms of its people
The west saw the cold war as a fight for freedom against Communist opression
Opponents face exile in the Gulag prison in Siberia
Invasion of Hungary in 1956 an Czecholslovakia in 1968 showed that the USSR didn't care about human rights
By 1970s, there were 10,000 Soviet Political prisoners
Detente and SALT 1
Reasons for Detente
Easing of tension led to a period of close cooperation
China Soviet Split - made USA and USSR more willing to cooperate
Arms Race - Working togehter would reduced risk of Nucelar war
Domestic - Arms and Space ract cost billions, and the USSR was on the verge of bankruptcy
Vietnam war - Military dominance didn't guarantee victory and idirect action could be more efficient
SALT 1 - 1972
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Most serious attempt between superpowers to limit nuclear weapons
No further production of strategic ballistc weapons
No increase in the number of ICBMs
No new nuclear missile launchers
Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty limited both sides to two ABM deployment areas
Effective
Slowed down the arms race
Led to SALT 2 in 1979
Ensured neither side had a decisive advantaged
Superpowers still had nuclear weapons
Brezhnev and Nixon
From 1968 there were regular summit meeting between Brezhnev and Nixon
Both got on well and were quite simlar which helped them to cooperate
Nixon made historic visits both to Moscow and China