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9 Sub-disciplines in Human Geography, Approaches to Human Geography -…
9 Sub-disciplines in Human Geography
Political Geography
Study of geographic distribution of
political systems
boarders
territories
geopolitical issues
In Malaysia
the distribution of parliamentary constituencies
outline of state boarders
Management of natural resources based on political decisions
Economic Geography
study of how economic activities
distributed
across different spaces
organized
In Malaysia
development of industrial zones
proximity to transport networks
government incentives
availability of labor
Cultural Geography
study of how human culture is
expressed
practiced
in different places
experienced
In Malaysia
multicultural society
diversity cultures
languages
religious
tranditions
examines these diversity across the country influenced by
historical
social
environmental
Scoial Geography
study of how social factors interact with spatial patterns & process
identity
culture
inequality
Spatial pattern
arrangement of objects or phenomena in a space
tree arrangements in forest
city distribution in countries
In Malaysia
examines how social grps are distributed across the country, their interactions, & the impact of these interactions on landscape
Population Geography
study of these 4 of human populations across space
distribution
composition
migration
growth
In malaysia
examines the spatial patterns of
demographic characteristics
migration trends
population distribution
Example, uneven distributions of population between urban rural areas
Urban & Rural Geography
study of cities & urban areas focus on their
spatial organization
demographics
infrastructure
socio-economic characteristics
In malayisa
Urban geography would involve studying cities like KL, focus on:
population density
land use
transportation networks
urban development
Rural Geography involve study area like rural village of Kelantan, focus on:
Land use patterns
access to services
agriculture
Development Geography
study of how spatial patterns and process influence the development of
social
economic
environmental
examines the uneven distribution of development across regions and the factors that contribute to
development
undevelopment
Example, Kl more developed compared to rural areas in Sabah Sarawak where access to basic services & infrastructure may be limited
Health Geography
study of how geographic factors influence
health outcomes
health behaviours
access to healthcare services
also examines the health of populations in different regions impact by:
water quality
access to healthy food options
air quality
In Malaysia, can be observed in the the distribution of healthcare facilities & services across different regions
Example, Kl have better access to hospital & clinics compared to rural areas in SS
Historical Geography
study of how places & landscapes have changed over time
examines the historical processes that have shaped the geography of a region including of:
human activities
natural events
cultural changes
In malaysia include the impact of colonialism on the landscape such as:
development of infrasturcture
introduction of new crops & industries
Example, historical geography can be seen in the evolution of cities like Malacca, with rich historical shaped by factors such as colonialism, trade, migration, which have influenced urban form, architecture, cultural landscape
Approaches to Human Geography
5 Types of Knowledges:
Description
Process of objectively detailing the characteristics & features of a particular geographic area such as its
physical landscape
population demographics
cultural attributes
Paying close attention to & finding ways to represent geographics that we normally struggle to perceive
Method example
statistical description
GIS Visualization & maps
tracing of spatial networks & associations
Experiences
Understanding geographies as part of human experience
attributed wuth the commitment to fieldwork
gaining firsthand knowledge of a place or region through
direct observation
interaction with locals
immersion in local culture & environment
The emphasis placed on the experiential knowledge generated by fieldwork; humanistic concerns with understanding other people's diverse experiences of the world
Interpretation
act of assigning meaning to the observed facts & data
often draw on theoritical framework or conceptual models to understand the significance of spatial patterns & relationship
Representation shape how we see things, think about them & act with & upon them
recognize & engage with the meanings of the world's geographic
work focusing on geographical representations & on the discourses of which they are a part.
Often associated with the so-called 'cultural turn'
Explanation
Explaining why the world's geographies exhibit the forms & processes that they do
range from spatial science's search for spatial laws to socio-spatial analyses of causal processes
involve identify & analyse the underlying causes or mechanisms that explain why certain geographic phenomena occur, often seeking to uncover patterns or trends that can be generalized
Critique
process id evaluting the strengths & limitations of different perspectives, theories or method in human geo
aiming to enhance understanding & stimulate further inquiry
debate & argument on a subject
not just a matter of express one's opinion but its resoned judgement involves
values
beliefs
perspectives
Critical thought seek to evaluate present & past condition & to disclose future possibilities & alternative
Rigorously evaluating & judging the world's geographies as well as one's own & others' understanding of them