W/C children may underachieve due to factors outside of school.
Material Deprivation: unable to afford basic resources (housing, food, school material)
Cultural Deprivation: lacking basic values, attitudes, knowledge and skills (inadequate socialisation, inadequate language skills and inappropriate attitudes/values)
Cultural capital: (Knowledge, language, attitudes and values, and lifestyle) gives the middle-class an inbuilt advantage in a middle-class controlled education system