chapter 1
7 properties of life :
- order ( organization )
- reproduction
- growth and development
- energy processing
- regulation
- response to the environment
- evolutionary adaptation
3 domains :
- bacteria
- archaea
- eurkarya
energy and matter :
matter takes up space and has mass
energy flows through 1 ecosystem in 1 direction
chapter 2
consists of elements and compounds.
emergent properties ;
from interactions between the components of a system.
e.g. for water, at room temperature, it remains liquid s oxygen and hydrogen remains gas
3 relevant subatomic particles ( 100+ )
- protons
- neutrons
- electrons
mass # = sum of protons # + sum of neutrons #
mass # = atomic mass
- mass of 1 neutron = 1 dalton
- mass of 1 electron = 0 daltons
chemical bonds :
- covalent ( polar and nonpolar )
- ionic
- hydrogen ( polar and weak )
ions are atoms/molecules with electrical charge from gain or loss
consists of chemical reactions - break/make chemical bonds
water has 4 functions :
- cohesion ( sticking to the same thing )
- adhesion = water sticking to something else
- moderate temp. changes consisting of both kinetic and thermal energy
the temperature causes water to absorb alot of heat before it increases which causes, H bonds and evaporative cooling - ice floats
water exists as liquid, gas or solid - versatile solvent
solute + solvent = solution ( final product )
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ions :
- hydrogen ion (+)
- hydroxide ion ( OH- )
- hydronium ion ( H3O+ )
chapter 3 :
isotopes :
same elements but different mass
isomers :
different shapes molecules with same molecular formula
6 chemical groups :
- hydroxyl ( polar )
- carbonyl ( polar & hydrophilic, acid )
- amino ( polar, hydrophilic and base )
- phosphate ( polar, acid & hydrophilic )
- methyl ( nonpolar, hydrophobic and non reactive )
cells :
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
4 classes of macromolecules :
1) carbohydrates
2) lipids
3) proteins
4) nucleic acid
lipids are a diverse group with 3 important kinds :
1) fats
- saturated ( max. no. of hydrogen atoms )
- unsaturated (unsaturated by hydrogen &double bond)
2) phospholipids
3) steroids ( cholesterol and some hormones )
HYDROGENATION - unsaturated fats converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen and creating trans fats.
chapter 4 :
bacteria and archaea "prokaryotes"
nucleoid, cell wall and flagella
- nucleoid - prokaryotes region with DNA - nucleus, eukaryotes, membrane bound organelle holding DNA
- nucleolus, spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes.
cell wall : polysaccharides and outside cell membrane
genetic control
1) nucleus/ribosomes
2) manufacturing, distribution
3) energy processing
4) support, movement & communication