chapter 1

7 properties of life :

  • order ( organization )
  • reproduction
  • growth and development
  • energy processing
  • regulation
  • response to the environment
  • evolutionary adaptation

3 domains :

  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eurkarya

energy and matter :
matter takes up space and has mass
energy flows through 1 ecosystem in 1 direction

chapter 2

consists of elements and compounds.

emergent properties ;
from interactions between the components of a system.
e.g. for water, at room temperature, it remains liquid s oxygen and hydrogen remains gas

3 relevant subatomic particles ( 100+ )

  • protons
  • neutrons
  • electrons

mass # = sum of protons # + sum of neutrons #
mass # = atomic mass

  • mass of 1 neutron = 1 dalton
  • mass of 1 electron = 0 daltons

chemical bonds :

  • covalent ( polar and nonpolar )
  • ionic
  • hydrogen ( polar and weak )

ions are atoms/molecules with electrical charge from gain or loss
consists of chemical reactions - break/make chemical bonds

water has 4 functions :

  • cohesion ( sticking to the same thing )
  • adhesion = water sticking to something else
  • moderate temp. changes consisting of both kinetic and thermal energy
    the temperature causes water to absorb alot of heat before it increases which causes, H bonds and evaporative cooling
  • ice floats
    water exists as liquid, gas or solid
  • versatile solvent
    solute + solvent = solution ( final product )

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ions :

  • hydrogen ion (+)
  • hydroxide ion ( OH- )
  • hydronium ion ( H3O+ )

chapter 3 :

isotopes :
same elements but different mass
isomers :
different shapes molecules with same molecular formula

6 chemical groups :

  • hydroxyl ( polar )
  • carbonyl ( polar & hydrophilic, acid )
  • amino ( polar, hydrophilic and base )
  • phosphate ( polar, acid & hydrophilic )
  • methyl ( nonpolar, hydrophobic and non reactive )

cells :
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

4 classes of macromolecules :
1) carbohydrates
2) lipids
3) proteins
4) nucleic acid

lipids are a diverse group with 3 important kinds :
1) fats

  • saturated ( max. no. of hydrogen atoms )
  • unsaturated (unsaturated by hydrogen &double bond)
    2) phospholipids
    3) steroids ( cholesterol and some hormones )
    HYDROGENATION - unsaturated fats converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen and creating trans fats.

chapter 4 :

bacteria and archaea "prokaryotes"
nucleoid, cell wall and flagella

  • nucleoid - prokaryotes region with DNA - nucleus, eukaryotes, membrane bound organelle holding DNA
  • nucleolus, spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes.
    cell wall : polysaccharides and outside cell membrane

genetic control
1) nucleus/ribosomes
2) manufacturing, distribution
3) energy processing
4) support, movement & communication