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chapter 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - consists of elements and compounds.
      - 3 relevant subatomic particles ( 100+ )
        
        protons
        
        neutrons
        
        electrons
      - mass # = sum of protons # + sum of neutrons #
        mass # = atomic mass
        
        mass of 1 neutron = 1 dalton
        
        mass of 1 electron = 0 daltons
      - chemical bonds :
        
        covalent ( polar and nonpolar )
        
        ionic
        
        hydrogen ( polar and weak )
      - ions are atoms/molecules with electrical charge from gain or loss
        consists of chemical reactions - break/make chemical bonds
      - water has 4 functions :
        
        cohesion ( sticking to the same thing )
        
        adhesion = water sticking to something else
        
        moderate temp. changes consisting of both kinetic and thermal energy
        the temperature causes water to absorb alot of heat before it increases which causes, H bonds and evaporative cooling
        
        ice floats
        water exists as liquid, gas or solid
        
        versatile solvent
        solute + solvent = solution ( final product )
        
        ions :
        
        hydrogen ion (+)
        
        hydroxide ion ( OH- )
        
        hydronium ion ( H3O+ )
        
        chapter 3 :
        
        isotopes :
        same elements but different mass
        isomers :
        different shapes molecules with same molecular formula
        
        6 chemical groups :
        
        hydroxyl ( polar )
        
        carbonyl ( polar & hydrophilic, acid )
        
        amino ( polar, hydrophilic and base )
        
        phosphate ( polar, acid & hydrophilic )
        
        methyl ( nonpolar, hydrophobic and non reactive )
        
        cells :
        the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
        
        4 classes of macromolecules :
        1) carbohydrates
        2) lipids
        3) proteins
        4) nucleic acid
        
        lipids are a diverse group with 3 important kinds :
        1) fats
        
        saturated ( max. no. of hydrogen atoms )
        
        unsaturated (unsaturated by hydrogen &double bond)
        2) phospholipids
        3) steroids ( cholesterol and some hormones )
        HYDROGENATION - unsaturated fats converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen and creating trans fats.
        
        chapter 4 :
        
        bacteria and archaea "prokaryotes"
        nucleoid, cell wall and flagella
        
        nucleoid - prokaryotes region with DNA - nucleus, eukaryotes, membrane bound organelle holding DNA
        
        nucleolus, spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes.
        cell wall : polysaccharides and outside cell membrane
        
        genetic control
        1) nucleus/ribosomes
        2) manufacturing, distribution
        3) energy processing
        4) support, movement & communication