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GENITAL AND URINARY TRACT - Coggle Diagram
GENITAL AND URINARY TRACT
BACTERIAL DISEASE OF URINANRY SYSTEM
Urinary tract infections
Caused
by
Escherichia coli
Virulence factor
- Flagella and attachment fimbriae
Pathogenesis
- Starts when uropathogens colonize the urethra and subsequently the bladder through the action of specific adhesins
Sign & symptoms
Dysuria
Cloudy and bloody urine with foul odour
Low grade fever
Cramping on lower abdomen
Pelvic pain in women
Diagnosis
- based on urinalysis
Treatment
most cases resolves without treatment
severe cases treated by antibiotics
Prevention
urinating after sexual activity
stay hydrated
take shower instead of bath
minimize spray/powders in genital area
Leptospirosis
Caused
by
Leptospira interrogans
(aerobic spirochete)
Pathogenesis
- occurs when leptospires enter the body through damaged skin or exposed mucous membranes.
Diagnosis
- antibody staining spirochete
Sign & symptoms
Abrupt fever
Myalgia
Muscle aches / stiffness
Headache
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Treatment
antibiotics (doxycycline, penicillin)
severe cases treated by intravenous antibiotic
Streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis
Cause
inflammation of glomeruli & nephrons
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
- X-ray, ultrasound or CT scan, kidney biopsy
Treatment
- antibiotic (penicillin)
Sign & symptoms
Hypertension
Low urine input
Hematuria
Prevention
NONVENEREAL DISEASE OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
Caused
by
Staphylococcus aureus
Virulence factor
Surface adhesins
fibronectin-binding proteins
collagen binding proteins
lipoteichoic acid
Toxins
hemolysins
leucocidins
exotoxins
Enzymes
coagulase
hyaluronidase
protease
Biofilms
Antibiotic resistence
Pathogenesis
Sign & symptoms
High fever
Conjunctival hyperemia
Treatment
antibiotics
supportive care
surgical intervention
Prevention
proper wound care
tampon safety
hygiene practices
Diagnosis
clinical evaluation
laboratory testing
toxin testing
Bacterial vaginosis
Caused
by
Gardnerella vaginalis
,
Mycoplasma hominis
or normal lactobacilli of the vagina
Sign & symptoms
gray, white or green vaginal discharge with foul odour
vaginal itching
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
pelvic examination
test for vaginal pH
Treatment
oral / vaginal metronidazole or clindamycin
Prevention
reestablishing the normal vaginal microbiome &pH
Vaginal candidiasis
Caused
by
Candida albicans
Sign & symptoms
pain during sexual intercourse
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
microscopic examination
Prevention
wear breathable clothes
practice safe sex
Treatment
antifungal medication
partner treatment
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND DISEASES
Viral STDs
Genital warts
Caused
by human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6&11
Pathogenesis
HPV infects epithelial cells
viral protein E6&E7 disrupt cell cycle regulation
Sign & symptoms
small, flesh coloured / swelling in the genital area
Diagnosis
visual inspection
HPV DNA test
biopsy
Prevention
HPV vaccination
safe sexual
limiting sexual partners
Treatments
topical medication
cryotherapy
Genital herpes
Caused
by herpes simplex virus
Pathogenesis
infect mucosal/skin cell
viral protein facilitate immune evasion and cell to cell spread
Sign & symptoms
painful blister
itching
burning sensation
flue like symptoms
Diagnosis
viral culture
PCR
blood test
Prevention
antiviral medication to reduce transmission
Treatment
antiviral medication
Bacterial STDs
Gonorrhoea
Caused
by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Virulence factor
- lipoligosaccharide
Sign & symptoms
itchiness
Diagnosis
urethral (men)
endocervical / vaginal (women)
Treatment
broad spectrum cephalosporin
Prevention
Pathogenesis
Syphilis
Caused
by
Treponema pallidum
Virulence factor
hyaluronidase
glycocalyx
Sign & symptoms
swollen lymph nodes
sore throat
patchy hair loss
fatigue
Diagnosis
specific Ab test for specific Ag
Prevention
Pathogenesis
dermal microabrasions / mucous membranes
Treatment
Chlamydial infections
Caused
by
Chlamydia trachomatis
Sign & symptoms
Prevention
Diagnosis
PCR detection of chlamydial DNA
Treatment
doxycycline
Pathogenesis
exposure, survival within the host cell, virulence associated with specific strain types, innate and acquired immunity, and host genetic susceptibility to infection and disease.