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Component 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Gills
        
        Made of numerous folds increasing surface area - maximise gas exchange
        
        Good blood supply - maintains concentration gradient
        
        Thin layer of cells between blood supply and outside water - short diffusion pathway
      - Four pairs of gills in the pharynx
        
        Each gill supported by a bony arch
        
        along each gill is a double row of gill lamellae
    - - Covered in scales, no gas exchange through body surface
      - Contain gills in the opercular cavity
  - - - Spiracles (openings at the side of the body) which open into a branching system of chitin lined trachae
      - Trachae branch into tracheoles - the smallest tubes
      - Each tracheole contains a small amount of fluid in which the gases dissolve
      - Creates a large surface area for gas exchange
        
        Small insects rely on diffusion alone to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
        
        Large insects ventilate by rhythmical body movements
    - - Air enters through the thoracic spiracles
      - The abdomen contracts and forces the air out of the open abdominal spiracles
      - The abdomen expands and the thoracic spiracles open