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CASE STUDY: DEFORESTATION, GROUP 2, REFERENCES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The case study paper mentioned timber plantation as the main driver of deforestation. Projects such as timber plantation and road constructions that cut down tress on a large scale can increase suspended sediment which is the cause for acceleration of soil erosion (Schoenholtz, 2004).
    - - Deforestation and forest fragmentation lead to the loss of habitat for numerous plant and animal species. This loss of habitat can result in the extinction or endangerment of species that depend on forest ecosystems for survival (Fahrig, 2003).
    - - Forests play a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Deforestation releases stored CO2 back into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbating climate change (IPCC, 2019)
- - - - Purpose of Environmental Protection:
        Aim to protect the environment with the need for managing deforestation to avoid adverse environmental impacts.
        
        Consideration for Environmental Impact:
        The 2015 EIA and the 2005 EIA Orders require EIAs for certain scales and types of deforestation projects, showing a clear regulatory intent to quantify and manage environmental risks.
        
        Jurisdictional Authority:
        Governed and enforced by specific governmental or regulatory bodies within Malaysia, ensuring that deforestation activities comply with national or regional environmental policies and laws.
        
        Impact on Local Communities:
        The 2015 and 2005 orders consider the socio-economic impacts of deforestation, mandating community consultations as part of the EIA process, though the Sarawak 1958 Ordinance, while not specifying EIA, focuses on sustainable forest management that indirectly considers community welfare.
  - - - 1958 Ordinance: Specific to Sarawak and administered by local authorities such as the Sarawak Forestry Corporation.
      - 2005 Order: Also applies across Malaysia with similar scope and enforcement as the 2015 Order but was established earlier.
      - 2015 Order: Applies broadly across Malaysia, enforced by the Department of Environment.
    - - 1958 Ordinance: Does not specifically require EIA for deforestation activities; focuses more on sustainable forestry management practices.
        
        2005 Order: Mandates EIA for large-scale deforestation or in environmentally sensitive areas.
        
        2015 Order: EIA for deforestation activities depending on the scale and location.
    - - 2015 Order: 2015
      - 1958 Ordinance: 1958
      - 2005 Order: 2005
    - - 2015 Order: Provides updated and possibly more stringent enforcement mechanisms for non-compliance.
      - 1958 Ordinance: Focus on broader resource management, potentially less specific to environmental impact violations.
      - 2005 Order: Established mechanisms which were possibly updated or revised by the 2015 Order.
- - - - Schoenholtz, S. H. (2004). HYDROLOGY | Impacts of Forest Management on Water Quality. Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-145160-7/00209-x