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Core and Non-core Ideologies: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - an update to Hobbes' beliefs, and was less dark and bleak but remained sceptical
      - change must be taken with great caution, the opposite of the French Revolution which was too radical
        
        society as an organism/plant- representing the accumulated knowledge of the past and the deep rooted institutions e.g. monarchy
        
        slow and steady change or the plant will be uprooted- like the chaos in France
        
        aristocratic elite will make sure society is looked after (softening Hobbes' leviathan)
        
        aristocrats must be deeply respected- unlike in France during revolutionary years
        
        tradition and empiricism (basing it off evidence) is vital and is the knowledge of the past (preferring tried and tested)
    - - authority is the most important thing- necessary to maintain order
        
        Humans are inherently selfish, and flawed
        
        most people are not capable of rational thought and easily led astray by selfishness
        
        people will compete violently to gain at others expense- leviathan would keep this in check
  - - - more positive than burke and hobbes- still sceptical of human limitation
        
        did not believe in rationalism as a way of governing, it must always be based on past traditions- maintenance of stability in the turbulent early 20th C
        
        e.g. parliament has developed over time, and was key to stable government
        
        ultimately very pragmatic- believed in using what worked in the past instead of abstract new ideas
        
        as a reaction to the chaos of communism and fascism
        
        people need constant re-eductating to overcome limitations
  - - - philosophy is the complete rejection of communism- she fled the USSR for USA
        
        OBJECTIVISM- extreme form of neoliberalism which is a rejection of collective rights, individual rights take precedence
        
        humans are selfish- but because of their rationality, always attempting to gain for themselves as individuals
        
        this is a positive- rand did not believe in society
        
        state intervention and tax is an evil- people should be free in their economic and private lives
        
        any attempt by the state to prohibit the pursuit of self-gain is wrong
        
        she was a radical for capitalism
        
        believed in total laissez-faire- people could trade to their mutual advantage
    - - humans are rational beings who should have total free will over their lives
      - taxation is an evil- a minimum amount necessary (for defence and law and order)
        
        welfare state is immoral- taking from those who worked hard and redistributing to those who havent
        
        taxation is theft from the state: it is a form of slavery to the state
        
        quasi harm principle: people can do what they like in private and have total control over their life if they do not harm others
- - - - dialectical change: at each stage of human development there is class conflict, this can only end with a communist society with no classes
      - historical materialism: history is made as a result of the struggle between classes from the ancient romans vs slaves, to the bourgeoisie vs proletariat
      - class consciousness necessary for socialist revolution
      - humans are social beings corrupted selfish capitalism- humans can lead satisfying lives with free creative production with the right conditions (communism)
      - freedom from capitalism will provide a better life, people are not alienated by doing just 1 job, instead they can have a number of roles with more time of leisure, as economic production is for everyone not profit
    - - didn't believe gradualism would work in a society where workers were exploited in a capitalist system
        
        revolution by workers was key to overthrowing capitalism
        
        evolutionary socialism would not work as it would fail to bring about an end to capitalism fully
        
        evolutionary socialism would not bring about the end of workers exploitation brought about by capitalism
      - the struggled to reform capitalism by the working classes would lead to class consciousness for workers- this is what would bring about the end of capitalism
        
        workers would protest against the state, which would lead to an ultimate mass strike that would establish socialism
  - - - capitalism had changed by mid 20th C- Marx's ideas no longer relevant
        
        society had developed and benefitted society- including raising the living standards of all members even the working class
      - 'Mixed Economy'- essentially state regulated capitalism where an economy of mainly private ownership with less public ownership of industry would lead to sustained growth
      - reforming the education system- wanted to improve the system so all UK citizens had the same quality of education (comprehensive education)
    - - 'the inevitability of gradualism'
        
        capitalism can be removed in an evolutionary way, through parliamentary law- making democratic reforms
        
        move towards socialism can come about quicker by researching and educating people of the benefits of socialism
      - growth of state power needed to bring about this change peacefully
        
        expansion of the state is important, as a larger state would provide the necessary amenities to support the workers
        
        Webb states that this change would need a group of elite and highly trained specialists and administrators to organise society for socialism to come about
        
        state of intervention would increase as society needs more regulation
        
        this idea opposed Marx who believed that the workers would overthrow capitalism
  - - - rejects state intervention in the economy and embraces the free market
      - role of the state should be investing in infrastructure and education not intervening in the economy
        
        investments into social infrastructure should create jobs and in return people had a responsibility to take the jobs made instead of living on welfare
- - - - people have natural rights: right to life, liberty and property
        
        rulers failing to protect these three rights should be removed by the people- by force if necessary
      - should be a social contract: where the government is reliant on the consent of voters
        
        people and rational and therefore should see it as benefitting their interests
        
        should be limited government, as without laws there are no rights- the state should protect the people from harm, and protect their individual rights
    - - men and women are both rational beings- should be treated equally
        
        "the mind has no gender"- men may appear more rational as they have been educated, women have not
        
        women should be allowed educational to be equally rational members of society
        
        both genders should be granted the same rights and liberties
        
        formal equality
    - - harm principle: people can act as they wish as long as they harm no one else
        
        supports the limited state- which has few coercive powers over individuals
      - all individuals are free with responsibility over their own lives
      - believes in tolerance for other views: established beliefs should be challenged- should not be accepted because they are popular
  - - - 'veil of ignorance': all individuals want to live in a society, with fair justice, good education and equality of opportunity
        
        by being ignorant of our circumstances we can objectively consider how societies should operate
        
        however fails to consider how some people may want society unequal- to gain more
      - 'Justice as Fairness'
        
        way of balancing freedom and equality
        
        everyone in society would agree on this principle if they assessed society from a position of ignorance
    - - women have limited societal opportunities but to be housewives and mothers
      - women are just as capable as men to have careers but are restricted by patriarchy- stopped women having equality of opportunity
      - believed in equality of opportunity: women's rights are self-fulfilled (self-determined and rational)
- - - - thought and action: meant that action must be taken to overcome the oppression of authoritarian control
        
        peaceful action is most desirable, but violence sometimes necessary (links with French Revolution)
      - pushed back against empire, and believed in the nation states self-determination
        
        liberal ideals of freedom and republicanism would be the foundations of the nation state
      - each nation unique due to their distinctive cultural or linguistic context
    - - general will: the collective interests of the community should prevail over the power of a monarch- sovereign belongs to the nation and rests with the people through elected institutions
        
        civic nationalism: citizens therefore actively participate in the nation and are the main component of it
  - - - integral nationalism: individuals should immerse themselves in their nations ciulture
        
        the interests of humanity come second to the preservation of the nation- could lead to the pursuit of global isolationism
      - militarism: nation state encouraged to have strong authoritarian and military ethos
        
        promotion of superior nations dominating and taking over weaker nations
  - - - volksgeist= 'spirit of the nation'
        
        each nation is held together by a collective national spirit
        
        cultural nationalism= each nations volkgeist is unique, so each nation has their own cultural character
        
        institutions of the state are key facilitators of this, e.g. Britain and the monarchy
        
        volksgeist is organic, and each nation develops through its own individual identity, history and culture
  - - - pan africanism: africans all across the globe are one united people, cultural differences must be overcome to promote this unity
        
        in its most extreme sense it meant unity of a single nation, but mainly meant unity for the promotion of achieving economic, social and cultural objectives
      - black pride/black nationalism: African people should feel pride in their race and culture, and should see beauty in their own kind