Cairo – newly minted capital of pan-Arabism and place of creation of the League of the Arab States (LEA) in 1945

MENA today represents "the least economically integrated region in the world"
(Malpass, 2021)

Command Baath Supranational – controlled by the State – in Damascus

Center of
Independent Arab Unity Studies (CAUS) based in Beirut (Mermier, 2016; Hafez, 2017)

OBJECTIVE: Arab world conceived in the image and likeness of the neoliberal West, disconnected from pan-Arab ideology, economically open and friendly towards Europe and the United States

“Subaltern,” is not “just a classy word for oppressed, for Other, for somebody who’s not getting a piece of the pie” …“everything that has limited or no access to the cultural imperialism is subaltern — a space of difference. Now who would say that’s just the oppressed? The working class is oppressed. It’s not subaltern”.

imposed on the native peoples the religion of Islam and Arabic

There is presence of multiple languages within written texts, transformation of oral languages into print, as well as storytelling and street theatre in the contemporary multilingual scene. Postcolonical theory explores a concept known as "hybridity", that refers to the creation of new transcultural forms that arise from the relation between colonizers and colonized. In this way, Moroccan writers challenge the idea of a singular identity.

French and Spanish influence left a linguistic mark within the literature of Morocco. Orature includes Berber/Amazigh and dialectal/Moroccan Arabic, and for texts there is Arabic, French, Spanish and English. This exemplifies the lasting impact of colonialism, a concept included in postcolonial theory, since it focuses on how colonization shapes cultures and language even after independence was obtained. It emphatizes on how previously colonized nations struggle to establish their own voice and cultural expression, aside from the colonizer's domination.

This refers to the study of individuals such as Berrada or Kilite, two bilingual intelectuals who theorize their multilingual local experiences. Their perspectives provide material to reflect on the identity, linguistic diversity and power in the postcolonial context.

This case represents the post-colonial theory through its understanding of the influence that postcolonialism has had on cultural identity, language and literature. Some elements that relate to this theory are linguistic and cultural power dynamics and the study of hybrid literature

Moroccan literature often blends different languages together. Writers might switch between languages, translate texts, or use different levels of language in their writing.

Scholars look at how current novels connect to older genres like Makhtutat, letters, and travel writing, tracking how literary styles and themes have changed over time.

Moroccan cuisine, music, and architecture enchant visitors, reflects its people

Music and dance reflect Morocco’s diverse heritage. Gnawa music blends spiritual chants with rhythmic beats, while Raï music mixes Arabic, Berber, and Western influences.