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Maghreb, Camila Maldonado Rivera A01658128, Youssef Cherif. (2023). Neo…

- - - - Scholars look at how current novels connect to older genres like Makhtutat, letters, and travel writing, tracking how literary styles and themes have changed over time.
- - - - All Arab peoples without exclusion, both in Asia and Africa, make up a single nation and must therefore move towards their political unity.
        
        Cairo – newly minted capital of pan-Arabism and place of creation of the League of the Arab States (LEA) in 1945
        
        The Arab masses rebelled and none
        Pan-Arab structure was able to provide a framework for that movement.
        
        Open Society Institute/Foundations, the National Democratic Institute, the International Republican Institute or the multiple EU initiatives
        
        OBJECTIVE: Arab world conceived in the image and likeness of the neoliberal West, disconnected from pan-Arab ideology, economically open and friendly towards Europe and the United States
  - - - Brother states
      - MENA today represents "the least economically integrated region in the world"
        (Malpass, 2021)
      - Middle East and North Africa (including Maghreb)
    - - Friendly states
      - The Council of Arab Interior Ministers, the Organization
        Educational, Cultural and Scientific of the Arab League, etc
      - Command Baath Supranational – controlled by the State – in Damascus
      - Center of
        Independent Arab Unity Studies (CAUS) based in Beirut (Mermier, 2016; Hafez, 2017)
  - - - Arabs
        
        “Subaltern,” is not “just a classy word for oppressed, for Other, for somebody who’s not getting a piece of the pie” …“everything that has limited or no access to the cultural imperialism is subaltern — a space of difference. Now who would say that’s just the oppressed? The working class is oppressed. It’s not subaltern”.
        
        imposed on the native peoples the religion of Islam and Arabic
      - Christian
      - Roman
      - Punic
- - - - For exemple with a distinct architecture, a Spanish language still spoken and an influence in the cuisine and other aspects of the local culture.
    - - Ceuta was occupied by th[e Spanish in 1415, making it one of the oldest European possessions in Africa. This enclave is still under Spanish sovereignty today, despite Morocco’s claims.
    - - Was occupied by Spain from 1497. Like Ceuta, Melilla is also a Spanish enclave in Moroccan territory and remains under Spanish control.
  - - - began with the conquest of Algeria in 1830, which was followed by a long period of resistance from the indigenous population, including the Algerian War of Independence that lasted from 1954 to 1962.
      - has the largest and most sustainable colony of France in the Maghreb.
    - - In Tunisia, France established a protectorate in 1881
      - In Morocco, the French protectorate was established in 1912 the Algeciras Conference.
    - - France exploited Algeria’s natural resources, including wheat, wine, iron and oil, for the benefit of the French economy.
    - - French colonization introduced the French language to Algeria and established an education system based on the French model.
        Although Islam remained the dominant religion in Algeria, French colonization also brought significant Christian influence.
- - - - Multiple languages
        
        There is presence of multiple languages within written texts, transformation of oral languages into print, as well as storytelling and street theatre in the contemporary multilingual scene. Postcolonical theory explores a concept known as "hybridity", that refers to the creation of new transcultural forms that arise from the relation between colonizers and colonized. In this way, Moroccan writers challenge the idea of a singular identity.
      - Colonial legacy
        
        French and Spanish influence left a linguistic mark within the literature of Morocco. Orature includes Berber/Amazigh and dialectal/Moroccan Arabic, and for texts there is Arabic, French, Spanish and English. This exemplifies the lasting impact of colonialism, a concept included in postcolonial theory, since it focuses on how colonization shapes cultures and language even after independence was obtained. It emphatizes on how previously colonized nations struggle to establish their own voice and cultural expression, aside from the colonizer's domination.
      - Multilingualism
        
        This refers to the study of individuals such as Berrada or Kilite, two bilingual intelectuals who theorize their multilingual local experiences. Their perspectives provide material to reflect on the identity, linguistic diversity and power in the postcolonial context.
      - Impact of colonialism
        
        This case represents the post-colonial theory through its understanding of the influence that postcolonialism has had on cultural identity, language and literature. Some elements that relate to this theory are linguistic and cultural power dynamics and the study of hybrid literature