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Test #3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the original rock layers that are present
    - - variation in elevation that dictate gravity, water and soil erosion
    - - flora and fauna that will comprise the organic material and use organic material + minerals
    - - how long soil has taken to form/how eroded it is/how long has it been cultivated
    - - Precipiation and Temperature of the area in contention
- - - - Direct Human Use - 10%
      - Irrigation - 70%
      - 90% of wastewater in developing nations return untreated in surface waters
      - Industries - 20%
    - - Dam Use and Impact
      - Pollution from poor sanitation
    - - Pollution
      - Water lost to surface bodies
      - Land subsiding
      - saltwater intrusion
    - - Desalinization of saltwater intrusion (very expensive thought)
      - drip irrigation for agriculture
      - rainwater catchers/barrels
      - Decrease Developed nation overuse of water
  - - - Majority in rivers and groundwater
- - - - liquid, viscous mixture of combustible hydrocarbons (gasoline, kerosene, diesel)
      - 65% in Persian Gulf, 2% in US
      - Oil Shale (kerogen) - underdeveloped until prices of oil rise (1 ton shale oil = 1 barrel of oil)
      - Tar Sands (bitumen) - extensive environmental damage to boreal forests (common in Canadian forests)
    - - 2% geothermal, 11% solar, 22% hydroelectric, 26% wind, 4% biomass waste, 17% biofuels, wood - 18%
    - - 91% of coal is used for electricity
      - from strip mining or underground mining
      - Costs
        
        Air Pollution
        
        Climate Change
        
        CCB's
        
        Boiler slage
        
        flue gas desulfurization material
        
        Bottom Ash
        
        fly ash
        
        Major spill in Kingston, TN in 2008
        
        Acid Mine Drainage
    - - Utilize turbogenerators turned by boiled water + steam heated by nuclear reactions
      - 2 Types
        
        Fusion (less common but being explored more)
        
        Mainly use Uranium - has to be enriched to be fissionable
        
        Fission (more common) - neutron attack of unstable isotope to create chain reaction of free energy
      - Issues
        
        Dangerous and plants can blow up
        
        Waste product disposal
        
        Expensive to setup and decomission old plants
        
        Supply-side v demand-side policies
    - - Made of mostly methane and pollutants
      - acquired via fracking
- - - - "traditional" farming
        
        Farmers live near poverty line and often making enough food to feed their families
        
        Include slash-and-burn methods of South America - though not a positive practice
    - - Modern Machines
      - Infrastructure
      - Chemical Use
      - Irrigation
      - Expansive lands
        
        Running out of usable land
      - Confined Animal Farms
      - GMO's + Biotechnology
        
        90% of all crops are GMO; 95% of top 3 crops are GMO
        
        Biofuels made from agricultural crops - limit use of oil and decrease effect on climate
        
        Banned in 38 countries, 9 ban imports and 64 require labeling
    - - Unable to feed everyone leading to crises - tend to line up with economic crashes/crises (currently in one from 2022)
      - Definitions:
        
        Undernourishment - lack of adequate food for energy
        
        Malnutrition - lack of essential nutrients
        
        Hunger - lack of basic food to provide energy and meet nutritional needs
        
        over-nourishment - eating too much (problem in first world countries, and some developing nations)
      - Slef-sufficiency used to be the way (subsistence farming with aid from people and government when needed) but now overcome by large farms that people have to buy from
        
        Trade helps, but many developing nations have had to rely on exporting special crops to make enough money to afford regular food - more of a help to first world countries that have the ability to pay for out-of-season foods