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Creativity (Y1) - Coggle Diagram
Creativity (Y1)
Measuring creativity
Intelligence - Binet and Simon (1905) - original intelligence test
- Guildford's Alternative Uses Test - test of intelligence, where the more solutions we can come up with to solve problems, the more intelligent we must be
Education and employment -
- School entrance examinations - Torrance Test of Creative Thinking
- Job Interviews - 3rd out of 10 most desired traits employers look for
Evolution and advancement -
- Using rocks as tools
- Inventing the wheel
- using steam to power engines
- Language development and interpretation
Guildford's Divergent Thinking Model -
- Intelligence - operations (memory and cognitive)
- Content - visual and auditory
- Products (classes and relations)
- The person who is capable of producing a large number of ideas per unit of time has a greater chance of having significant ideas (Guildford)
Guildford's Alternatives Uses Test - suggest some creative uses for a sock
- Kudrowitz and Dippo (2014) - 200+ participants given 3 minutes to give as many alternative uses for a paperclip as they could
- Novelty of responses increased with quantity - earlier responses significantly less novel than later ones
- It took participants an average of 9 uses before arriving at highly novel responses - participants that could not provide 9 uses were much less likely to produce highly novel responses
Tests of divergent thinking - Alternative Uses Test and Consequences Test (Guildford, 1954)
- What if all laws were suddenly abolished - what would happen?
- This is a Just Suppose (hypothetical) test of divergent thinking, with no real consequences or historical events to compare to, we are free to use our imaginations
-> This is a test that allows us to explore how the imagination is utilised
Furnham and Nederstrom (2010):
- Females showed greater creativity - more consequences
- Big 5 - extraversion correlates with creativity
- Verbal reasoning - intelligence - strongest predictor (moderate - more than abstract or numerical reasoning) on consequences test
Tests of convergent thinking - Remote Associations Test (Mednick, 1962)
- Kounios and Beeman (2009) - EEG and fMRI study - solving this problem requires conceptual reogranisation (non-obvious interpretation) and creativity involves processing loose (remote connections)
- Taft and Rossiter (1966) - perhaps biased by culture or verbal ability
- Marko, Michalko and Riecansky (2019) - the RAT is a test of semantic association / recall, rather than creativity
Specific creativity tests - Torrance test of creative thinking (TTCT; Torrance et al, 1966)
- Figural (picture based) - fluency (how easily ideas come to mind) and elaboration (can they develop the ideas to expand beyond the given content)
- Verbal (word based) - fluency and flexibility (how different ideas are)
- Picture completion (figural) - here is a curved shape, think of a picture or object you can draw with this shape as a part
- Product improvement (verbal) - picture of a stuffed toy elephant - list the cleverest, most interesting and unusual ways you can think of for changing this toy elephant so that children will have more fun with it
Scoring creativity -
- Group norms - compare responses to the sample being studied
- Consensus scoring - compare responses to random sample
- Creativity quotient - compare creativity score to expected score (similar IQ score)
- Experts - provide judgement
- Creative achievement questionnaire (Carson, Peterson and Higgins, 2005) - self report measure of creativity
What is creativity?
Creativity is the production of an idea or production of an idea or a product that is both novel and useful (Sternberg and O'Hara, 2000)
Defining creativity - Rhodes, 1961 and Jordanus, 2016 -
The 4Ps of Creativity -
- Products
- People (persuasion)
- Place (environments and potential)
- Processes
Creativity is original and effective
Levels of creativity - Kauffman and Beghetto (2009) -
- Little C - everyday creativity
- Big C - eminent accomplishments
- Mini C - transformative learning
- Pro C - professional expertise
Creativity and problem solving - some problems require creative solutions
- Elaboration (Antony and Cleopatra are fish)
- Constraint relaxation (Match Stick Algebra)
Some problems have many possible solutions and creativity allows us to explore more options - functional fixedness (Duncket, 1945)
Improving creativity
Brainstorming and creativity - Osborn (1953) - applied imagination
- Has become synonymous with generating ideas
- The evidence tells a different story
- The nominal group superiority effect (Taylor et al, 1958)
-> 12 groups of 4, 48 individiuals later pooled to form 'nominal groups'
- Generate ideas by yourself first, then collaborate
Improvisation and creativity - learn to improvise (Lewis and Lovatt, 2013 and Sowden et al, 2015)
- Verbal improvisation games and musical improvisation enhanced divergent thinking in adults
- Improvised dance and drama enhanced divergent thinking in primary school children
Walking and creativity - Neitzsche (1889) - all truly great thoughts are conceived by walking - Oppezzo and Schwartz (2014)
Psychopathology and creativity -
- Psychoticism (Acar and Runco (2012) - a dispositional variable or trait predisposing people to functional psychotic disorders of all types (Eysenck, 195)
- Low P - altruistic, empathetic and conventional
- High P - criminal, impulsive, hostile and aggressive
-> Overinclusive thinking - using irrelevant information and introducing complexity in solving problems
-> Divergent thinking and psychoticism (EPQ) - r = .45 (Woody and Claridge, 1977)
-> Higher psychoticisim (EPQ) levels in creative professions (Merton and Fischer, 1999)
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Summary -
- What is creativity - creative ideas are novel and useful, 4Ps of creativity - person, product, place and processes
- How is it measured - specific tests of creativity, divergent tests and convergent tests - objective v subjective scores
- What processes does it involve - Wallas' 4 factor model (Preparation, Incubation, Illumination and Verification) and Semantic network
- What factors influence creative thought - psychoticism, walking, improvisation and brainstorming - creativity restricted by teamwork