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Theme 4: Psychosocial development. - Coggle Diagram
Theme 4: Psychosocial development.
Temperament.
Genetic influence: Early temperamental differences may have roots in inherited brain chemistry and functioning.
Role of experience: Environmental factors also influence temperament.
Dimensional nature: Rothbart (2007) proposed 3 basic temperament dimensions:
Negative affectivity (Neuroticism): Tendency towards sadness, frustration, or irritability.
Effortful control: Ability to regulate behaviour and emotions.
Surgency (Extraversion): Active approach to new experiences.
Kagan (2003) added behavioral inhibition dimension: unhibited vs. inhibited.
Stability over time: Some stability in temperament, but changes can occur.
Categories and dimensions:
Difficult: Active, intense, negative toward new experiences, irregular schedules.
Slow to warm up: Less active, take time to adopt.
Easy: Cheerful, adaptable, develop regular schedules quickly.
Chess and Thomas (1996) identified a fourth group.
Refers to an individual's behavioural style and characteristic emotional responses.
Early capacities.
Appearance: Often perceived as "cute," evoking caregiving responses.
Crying: Essential for signaling needs and eliciting caregiver responses.
Sensory abilities: Respond to touch, taste, and smell: recognise voices, with limited vision initially.
Smiling: Begins as a reflex, evolving into a social response, fostering bonding with caregiver.
Newborn reflexes: Vital for survival and bonding, including rooting, sucking, and grasping.
Attachment.
Behaviours: Include stranger and separation anxiety, indicating attachment.
Concept of permanence: Understanding that caregivers exist even when not visible.
Development: Emerges during the 1st year, progressing from indiscriminate to specific attachments.
Patterns of attachment: Classified by Mary Ainsworth using the Strange Situation test:
Secure.
Insecure.
Definition: John Bowlby (1974) coined the term "attachment" for the close bond between infants and caregivers.
Influences:
Caregiver factors: Age, education, and mental well-being affect attachment style.
Infant characteristics: Temperament, health, and signals influence caregiver responsiveness.
Quality of caregiving: Sensitivity and responsiveness are crucial; insensitivity is linked to insecure attachment.
Broader context of early attachment.
Importance of early attachment:
Erikson's Theory: The 1st stage highlights the impact of early caregiver responsiveness on a kid's sense of trust in the world.
Bowlby's Theory: Focus on the significance of emotional bonds. Early relationships shape mental models for future relationships.
Research evidence:
Kids with secure attachments exhibit positive traits.
Longitudinal studies suggest that early attachment influences later social, emotional, and cognitive development.
Challenges:
Poverty and other stressful living conditions.
Daycare and attachment:
Mixed findings on the impact of daycare on attachment.
High-quality daycare may offer protective effects, but sensitive and responsive caregiving remains paramount.
Self-awareness and independence.
Self-control:
Emerging self-awareness correlates with developing self-control and autonomy.
Kids begin to assert independence, expressing preferences and attempting tasks independently.
Erikson's Theory.
Erikson's stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt emphasises the importance of supportive environments for fostering independence.
Milestones:
By 18 months, infants recognise themselves in mirrors.
Around 4 months, infants respond to mirror images, and by 10 months, they can use mirrors to locate objects.
Development process:
Infants become aware of themselves as individuals through interactions and cognitive developments.
Social interactions aid in building trust, contributing to self-awareness.