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Participle II It has only one form: to study – studied; to write –…
Participle II
It has only one form: to study – studied; to write – written.
The grammatical meaning of participle II
Participle II formed from a transitive verb has a passive meaning:
to make – made (сделанный); to write – written (написанный).
Participle II formed from an intransitive verb has an active meaning:
to go – gone (ушедший); to fall – fallen (упавший).
The functions of participle II
Attribute
e.g. A broken toy lay on the floor.
Predicative
e.g. She looked embarrassed.
adverbial modifier of
Time
e.g. When finished, the story turned out to be quite thrilling.
Condition
e.g. If discovered, they'll be sent home at once!
Comparison
e.g. He walked quickly, as if pressed for time.
Cause
e.g. Exhausted and hungry, they decided to return home.
Concession
e.g. Though frightened, she kept smiling.
Predicative Сonstructions (Сomplexes) with Participle II
The Accusative with Participle II It is used with verbs:
Expressing physical perception
e.g. I can see it written, as it will be, in the newspapers.
Expressing mental activity
e.g. We consider the matter settled.
Expressing wish
e.g. We kept that quiet. Nobody wants that known.
Having causative meaning (to have, to get, to make, to order)
e.g. He could have his clothes made by the best tailor in London.
Otherwise, how can you ever get anything done?
With the verbs to find, to leave, to keep
e.g. Sarah leaves the door unlocked when she goes out.
The Nominative with Participle II
expressing physical perception
e.g. The child was seen carried by a tall Negro.
expressing mental activity
e.g. She is considered cured.
with the verbs to find, to leave, to keep:
e.g. The papers were found signed.
The Nominative Absolute Construction with Participle II
time
e.g. Everything settled, he felt calmer.
manner or attendant circumstances
e.g. She sat silent, her eyes closed.
The Absolute Construction with Participle II introduced by with
This construction fulfils the function of an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances:
e.g. She fell asleep with the windows closed.