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W10 Creativity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - conditions at the beginning of a problem
    - - solution of problem
    - - actions that move problem from one state to another state
      - usually governed by rules
  - - - operator :arrow_right: moving a disc to another peg
      - initial state :arrow_right:
      - goal state :arrow_right:
  - - - initial state, intermediate states, goal state
  - - - search strategy that reduces distance between initial state and goal states
      - achieved through subgoals
        
        small goals that create intermediate states closer to goal states
        
        may appear to increase distance to goal state but result in shortest path to goal stat in long run
      - Examples
        
        Tower of Hanoi
        
        Subgoal 1 :arrow_right: free up large disc
        
        Subgoal 2 :arrow_right: free up peg 3
        
        Subgoal 3 :arrow_right: move large disc to peg 3
        
        WORDLE
        
        Subgoal 1 :arrow_right: Complete word STO_E
        
        Barrier of too many consonants
        
        Subgoal 2 :arrow_right:
        Eliminate wrong consonants
        
        Flying from SG to SF
        
        Subgoal 1 :arrow_right: Find direct flight
        
        Barrier of too expensive
        
        Subgoal 2 :arrow_right: Reduce distance to SF before main flight
        
        Barrier of too long layover for SG -> TK -> SF
        
        1 more item...
        
        Operator :arrow_right: :airplane:
        
        sufficient layover time
        
        cost of flights is within budget
    - - working methodically through available options
      - sequential choices may not be optimal
      - risk of combinatorial explosion due to large state space
        
        correct letter wrong space
    - - :one: random selection of operator to start problem solving
        
        :two: always select operator closer to goal state until reaching closest state possible
      - may take many attempts if wrong hill chosen
- - - - Knowledge
        
        Different Organisation EXP
        
        :one: presented 24 physics problems to experts (physics professors) and novices (students)
        
        :two: asked to group problems based on similarities
        
        Results
        
        novices grouped problems based on similarity of objects in the problems
        
        experts grouped problems based on similarity of underlying physics principles involved
        
        more structural features and less surface features
        
        organising by principles :arrow_right: more effective problem solving
        
        More Knowledge EXP
        
        :one: chess master and novice tasked w reproducing layouts after looking at one for 5 seconds
        
        Results
        
        chess master excelled when layout was actual game position but did no better when layout was random
        
        experts store many actual game layouts in LTM
        
        perceive layout in terms of groups of pieces that form meaningful chunks
      - More time analysing problems
        
        spend time understanding problem instead of looking for solution immediately
        
        may appear slower initially but leads to more effective problem solving
  - - - less open to discarding established facts and theories in favour of novel approaches
- - - - connecting all dots by drawing 4 lines without lifting pen
      - difficult as we tend to group individual elements together (Gestalt Principles of Organisation)
        
        associated with activity in left anterior temporal lobe
    - - :one: Deactivated left ATL (cathodal electrode) and activated right ATL (anodal electrode)
        
        :two: asked participants to solve nine-dot problem
      - 40% of participants able to solve
        
        same percentage as if telling participants solution involves drawing lines outside square
        
        deactivating brain regions that lead us to interpret world in certain patterns can lead to thinking outside the box
  - - - Results
        
        56% of participants used insight solutions
        
        :arrow_up: frontal lobe activity before seeing question
        
        44% of participants used analytical solutions
        
        :arrow_up: occipital lobe activity before seeing question
        
        brain status before attempting problems influences problem solving approach
      - :one: EEG measured for 2s
        
        :two: presented with compound-remote-associate problem
        
        presented with 3 words (crab, pine, sauce)
        
        find a word that when combined with the 3 words forms a new word (apple)
  - - - mind wandering associated with :arrow_down: performance in focused attention tasks
    - - Incubation
        
        getting ideas after setting aside the problem
        
        Mind wandering & Creativity EXP
        
        :one: perform alternative uses task
        
        :two: Perform either difficult task (:arrow_down: mind wandering) or easy task (:arrow_up: mind wandering) in 12 min incubation period
        
        :three: perform alternative uses task again
        
        name as many unusual uses for common items within 2 minutes
        
        Results
        
        repeat AUT performance improved 40% after easy task
        
        no change in repeat AUT performance after hard task
        
        mind wandering facilitates creative incubation
        
        DMN & Creativity EXP
        
        fMRI experiment
        
        :one: presented with object and asked to provide one novel use for object
        
        :two: Uses rated for originality
        
        :arrow_up: activity in right VACC (part of DMN) associated with :arrow_up: originality
        
        association between DMN and creativity
  - - - ECN & Creativity EXP
        
        :one: Read description of book
        
        :two: Generate ideas for book covers in scanner
        
        :three: Evaluate ideas after short break
        
        Results
        
        DMN and ECN coordinated during creative eavluation
        
        DMN and ECN both more strongly activated during evaluation
        
        fMRI results
        
        resting-state fMRI show functional connectivity during both generation and evaluation
        
        fMRI experiment
      - Beaty et al (2014)
        
        :one: grouped people into high and low creativity groups based on creativity scores
        
        :two: measured functional connectivity between DMN and ECN
        
        FC is higher for high creativity group
      - ECN may direct attention away from unoriginal responses so more original responses can be explored
- - - - perceiving obstacle and changing representation of problem
    - - banana was out of reach from :monkey_face:
      - displayed insight in stacking crates to be closer to banana
    - - :one: presented insight and non insight problems
        
        :two: made warmth judgements every 15 seconds (how close they were to solving)
        
        Insight problems
        
        women wants to join all chains into a loop
        
        has $15 -- opening ($2), closing ($3)
        
        Analytically Based problems
        
        solved through process of systematic analysis
        
        algebra problems
      - Results
        
        Insight Problems
        
        warmth ratings low (3/7 even 15 seconds before solution reached)
        
        Non insight Problems
        
        warmth ratings gradually increase until solution reached
        
        solutions for insight problems occur suddenly
  - - - Functional Fixedness
        
        Candle Problem EXP
        
        :one: presented with cardboxes containing materials or empty cardboxes w materials outside
        
        Cardboxes containing materials
        
        :two: mount candle :candle: on vertical corkboard so it does not drip wax on floor when burning :fire:
        
        empty box condition 2x as likely to solve candle problem
        
        seeing boxes as containers reduced likelihood of using boxes as supports
        
        illustrates functional fixedness
        
        focusing on familiar functions or uses of an object
        
        Two String EXP
        
        :one: asked to tie 2 strings together and given plier and chair
        
        strings very far apart so not possible to reach both strings at same time
        
        :two: after 10 min experimenter accidentally brushes past string to drop hint
        
        37/60 participants unable to solve problem
        
        23/37 solved in next 60 seconds after seeing hint
        
        focused on usual plier function -- functional fixedness
      - focusing on a specific characteristic of problem which inhibits problem solving
    - - preconceived notions on approaching problem based on past knowledge and experience
      - Water Jug Problem
        
        :one: asked to figure out how to obtain desired volume given 3 empty containers of fixed volume
        
        :two: split into mental set group and no mental set group
        
        Mental set group
        
        :three: solution to problem 1 given
        
        A = 21, B = 127, C = 6
        Desired amount = 100
        
        1 more item...
        
        :four: solved problems 2 to 8
        
        No mental set group
        
        :three: solved problems 7 and 8 only
        
        Results
        
        23% in mental set group used easier solutions
        
        100% in no mental set group used easier solutions
        
        mental set on problem solving approach inhibited use of easier solution
      - knowledge about usual object uses
        (functional fixedness experiments)
- - - - :one: Problem Generation
        
        :two: Problem Formulation
        
        :three: Problem Solving
        
        :four: Solution Implementation
        
        Selling ideas
        
        Taking action
        
        Evaluation selection
        
        Planning
        
        idea finding
        
        problem definition
        
        problem finding
        
        fact finding
- - - - walking :walking::skin-tone-5:
        
        can lead to 60% increase in uses suggested in AUT
      - showering :shower:
        
        one of the main activites associated with mind wandering
      - paying attention to wandering thoughts
  - - - Reduce distractions
        
        creating space for mind to reflect, make new connections and find meaning
      - Give yourself time
        
        form new connections to form
    - - Create a space where you can be in solitude
      - Allow yourself time and space for your mind to generate ideas
  - - - Focused Attention Meditation
        
        focus on one thing and actively bring attention back to one thing when mind wanders
        
        breath inhalation and exhalation
        
        Effects
        
        :arrow_down: mind wandering
        
        may lead to :arrow_down: creativity
        
        :arrow_down: stress and :arrow_up: health benefits
      - Open Monitoring Meditation
        
        'paying attention to emerging thoughts and following them until other thoughts emerge
        
        no drop in mind wandering
    - - :one: engaged in either FA, OM meditation, or control (visualising household activities)
        
        :two: performed alternative uses task
      - AUT performance :arrow_right: OM > FA > control
    - - meditate regularly
      - Open monitoring meditation is better for creativity
- - - - Target Problem
        
        problem to be solved
        
        Mutilated checkerboard problem
      - Source Problem
        
        problem that shares similarities with target problem
        
        Russian Marriage Problem
    - - :one: Ray needed to destroy malignant tumour
        
        :two: High intensity destroys tumour but kills healthy cells
        
        :two: Low intensity is harmless but cannot kill tumour
      - EXP
        
        10% solve without help
        
        30% solve when hearing Fortress Story before working on the problem
        
        75% solved when hinted to think about the story
        
        exposure to analogous source problems does not mean people will make connection to target problem
        
        Steps to Analogous Transfer
        
        :one: Noticing Similarities
        
        :two: Mapping Similarities
        
        :three: Applying Similarities
        
        using mapping to generate parallel solution to target problem
        
        connecting elements of source problem to target problem
        
        most difficult step -> most people need prompting to realise connections
        
        :arrow_up: similarity --> :arrow_up: ease of noticing
      - Gestalt
        
        Representation
        
        single ray destroys tumour but kills healthy cells
        
        Restructuring
        
        divide ray into smaller rays
      - Fortress Story
        
        :one: general wants to capture a fortress which has many small roads leading to it
        
        :two: general knows fortress can be captured with full force of his army
        
        :three: cannot send full force down one road as it will trigger mines
        
        :four: send small numbers through multiple roads and take fortress
        
        analagous to radiation problem
    - - comparing 2 problems to find similarities
      - EXP
        
        :one: analysed sample cases which require either trade-off or contingency strategies
        
        :two: given new case which can be solved using either strategy
        
        people tend to use strategy that was emphasised in sample cases
        
        comparing stories forces them to attend to common problem features --> analogical encoding
    - - use of analogies common in real-world settings despite difficulties studying in labs
      - studied with in-vivo problem solving research
        
        recording brainstorming sessions to analyse statements for analogy use
        
        time consuming and difficult to control confounding variables
        
        naturalistic setting
        
        may be used 3 to 15 times in a 1 hour meeting or every 5 minutes
- - - - :two: 2 corners removed from checkerboard
        
        :three: can 31 dominoes completely cover remaining squares?
    - - one domino covers a :red_circle: and :black_large_square: square
        
        2 :red_circle: squares were removed
    - - :one: created 4 variations of checkerboard with same layout and same solution
        
        :two: Think-Aloud Protocol implemented
        
        think out loud while problem solving
        
        :goal_net: identify information being attended to
        
        Blank
        
        Colour
        
        Black and Pink
        
        Bread and Butter
      - bread/butter board group solved problem 2x faster and needed less hints than blank group
        
        boards emphasising difference between adjoining squares => easier time solving
      - Gestalt
        
        think aloud protocol reveals restructuring
        
        creates a representation of problem that is easier to solve
    - - :one: Village matchmaker arranges 32 marriages for 32:man_in_business_suit_levitating::skin-tone-4:and 32 :bride_with_veil::skin-tone-4:
        
        :two: 2:man_in_business_suit_levitating::skin-tone-4:kill each other in test of strength
        
        :three: can matchmaker arrange 31 heterosexual marriages among survivors?
      - reading story can help with solving mutilated checkerboard problem
        
        realise connection between Russian couples and alternating squares