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LOGIC, ABDUCTIVE LOGIC - Coggle Diagram
LOGIC
INDUCTIVE REASONING
TYPES OF INDUCTIVE REASONING*
*
Inductive Generalization
the population is reached based on the sample’s observations
utilized to establish the conclusion and the sample forms the premise.
sample size, population size and the quantity to which the sample accurately represents the population all influence the generalization form of inductive reasoning
Example
someone may draw the generalization that all crows are black if they notice that every crow they have seen is black. Although there might be non black crows, this conclusion is a possible deduction based on the evidence that is now available. :
Statistical Generalization
derived from the statistically confirmed sample, inductive reasoning generates a conclusion about the population
The sample is a statistical representation of the population
the sample provides an accurate representation of the population, the outcome of statistical generalization can be trusted more
Causal Reasoning
Deducing a cause and effect link from observed correlations
correlation does not necessarily indicate causation, inductive reasoning enables us to infer causal links with reasonable certainty
Prediction
makes predictions about the future based on a current or past sample
kind of reasoning that is tied to present or past cases and provides an accurate declaration about the possibility of something in the future occurring, as opposed to providing a general forecast.
Even though inductively derived predictions are not always correct, they nonetheless offer insightful information for making decisions
Analogical Reasoning
the process of making judgements about something by comparing it to another
can be abstract or very similar; however, using a literal comparison can strengthen your argument significantly
Sign Reasoning
make a determination based on particular events that occur
can be useful in discovering patterns of product use when researching consumer behavior
How to Improve Your Inductive Reasoning
Improve your critical thinking skills
really just a logical process, you will be able to draw more insightful conclusions if you can exercise critical and analytical thought about the concepts and information available
Don’t be scared to take another approach and consider a problem from several angles.
Become more detail-oriented
must take note of the particulars and details of a situation in order to inductively draw a sound generalization or conclusion
Practice your pattern recognition
ability to identify patterns can assist you in reaching a reasonable conclusion
Sharpen your memory
does not imply that you have to retain every detail and pattern in your mind
can always write notes to help you remember numbers and events, but don't forget to use those notes as a reference when attempting to draw conclusions based on inductive reasoning
Strengthen your emotional intelligence
Reasoning and decisions are not solely dependent on the facts
important since decisions often need to take people’s feelings into consideration
capacity to recognize, analyze and interpret both your own feelings and those of those around you is known as emotional intelligence or EQ
DEFINITION
The claim is deduced from a specific occurrence / fact / truth to support a general claim
ADVANTAGES
Discovery and Innovation
Promotes Critical Thinking
DISADVANTAGES
Inconsistencies with New Evidence
Vulnerability to Bias
APPLICATION
Criminal Investigation and Forensics
Scientific Research
DEDUCTIVE LOGIC
DEFINITION
as a specific conclusions from general premises in a top down manner. If the premises are true and the reasoning is valid so the conclusion is necessarily true
IMPORTANCE OF DEDUCTIVE LOGIC
Validity and Reliability
Ensures accurate logical reasoning
Credibility and Expertise
Enhances trust in conclusions
Scientific Research
Vital for hypothesis formulation and testing
Legal Systems
Essential for legal arguments and decision-making
ADVANTAGES
Certainty in Conclusions
Inevitable result of true premises
Logical Structure
Follows set rules for deductions
Ensures sound and valid arguments
DISADVANTAGES
Reliance on Premises
Accuracy of premises crucial
Flawed premises lead to unreliable conclusions
Rigidity and Inflexibility
Operates based on explicit rules
Less adaptable in uncertain or complex situations
Introduction
Logic in philosophy is characterized in different ways:
Law of thought
Rules of right reasoning
Use of logical constant
Truths based solely on term meanings
Logic may be related to study of rules called syllogisms that describe the correct ways to relate to one another.
syllogism is a systematic representation of a single logical inference.
The Greek word "logos'' is where the word "logic" originates. Sentence, speech, reason, rule, ratio, account, rational principle, and definition are among the senses connected to the term "logos."
Informal Logical Fallacies
Definition
Logical mistakes that arise when an argument's premises fail to appropriately support its conclusion.
Focus on weaknesses in the content or reasoning process rather than the structure of an argument.
Example of Informal Logical Fallacies
Questionable cause
Known as the post hoc fallacy, happens when someone believes that because one occurrence preceded another. This fallacy excludes other explanations for the correlation, leading to the incorrect conclusion.
The red herring
It is happens when someone proposes a completely unrelated or irrelevant topic or argument in order to draw attention away from the main problem.
Begging the question
A fallacy in which the conclusion of an argument is implicit or incorporated in one of the premises. In essence, the argument circles itself, relying on its own conclusion to sustain it.
Slippery slope
It is arises when someone claims that a little action will result in a series of events having more negative effects, but does not provide adequate evidence to support this causal chain.
Appeal to ignorance
The appeal to ignorance fallacy arises when a claim's lack of evidence is used to support or refute its validity or untruth.
Straw man
It is happens when a person misrepresents their opponent's argument in order to criticize it more easily.
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
DEFINITON
Construct of logic by two or more premise that true and support by true conclusion :
have a logical implication
form of statement that have 2 premise and one conclusion
Valid Argument**
Valid and Unsound Argument
The statement does not contain a true premise, but might have a true conclusion
does not have all true premise
Valid and Unsound Argument
If the statement provide a true premise as well as brings the true conclusion
the premise content is logically accepted
EXAMPLE
VALID SOUNDNESS ARGUMENT
PREMISE 1 : The bird has wings PREMISE 2 : Crow has a wings CONCLUSION : Crow is a bird
VALID AND UNSOUNDESS ARGUMENT *
PREMISE 1 : Frog has a green color PREMISE 2 : Dart Poison is a spesies of frog CONCLUSION : Dart Poison has a green color
intends that the premise sort of justification for the conclusion either the premise are true or false -valid only if premise are true and conclusion guarantee to be true as well
Invalid Argument
-llogically fallacy
provide a true premise but the conclusion still provide a false justification
ARGUMENTS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
Based on facts and statements that involve the process of formulating conclusions.
The possibility that the conclusion may be not valid.
Make use of all the possible facts, data, and case studies to arrive at a reasonable result and conclusion
INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
Involves the process of generalized statements from real-life observations.
The concern of the conclusion might not be true.
Present a generalized conclusion with the help of certain observations and facts.
INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
Inductive arguments are either strong or weak arguments
It aims for probability rather than certainty, as the conclusion is not guaranteed to be true even if the premises are true.
The truth of the premises will provide some degree of support for the truth of the conclusion
Definitions - The conclusion follows from premises with some probability
HEURISTICS
Definition
mental shortcuts for solving problems in a quick way that delivers a result that is sufficient enough to be useful given time constraints
Types of Heuristics
Availability Heuristic
Representative Heuristic
Anchoring Heuristic
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC
Characteristics
Flexibility and Adaptability
Contextual Sensitivity
Iterative and Reflexive
Inference to the best explanation
Creative and Imaginative
Definition
an approach to critical reasoning that offers the most likely premises to have occurred given a certain conclusion.
Differences with Deductive and Inductive Logic
Unlike deductive reasoning, which follows a rigid path from premises to conclusion, or inductive reasoning, which builds generalizations from specific instances, abductive reasoning is more fluid.