Theory is a pancake™ 
Metatheory
Idealism and subjectivism: reality is whatever our minds say it is. Realism and objectivism: whatever the mind says is one thing, and reality is a separate, objective thing.
When metatheories contradict...
Purist approach: no mixing of metatheories. It's situational.
Non-paradigmatic approach... "Who cares that they're different, we are using this one way." Why would anyone use this? Tony's answer: IDK
Pragmatic approach: Yeah, there's tension, different metatheories lead to different pathways here - but one is better so yolo.
Transformative approach: kind of like the pragmatic approach: do what works and is dedicated to social change.
Dialectical approach: engage with each meta-theory through deliberate and critical reflection and dialogue.
(This is the only one we have to care about)
Frameworks: high scope, low specificity... Wait. Are these conceptual frameworks?
Theories: medium scope, medium specificity
Models: low scope, high specificity MODELS CAN BE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Like... Economic models. Or the beveridge model... "The Beveridge model is a health care system in which the government provides health care for all its citizens through income tax payments."
Does this mean there are metaframeworks that are even more high-scope than metatheories? Or are metatheories the limit? Metatheories are
Ask...
MORE on conceptual frameworks
Qualitative research
What is it?
Why do we do it?
Describe different study designs
NOTHING without numbers. "Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted" - it's the stuff that counts that can't be counted.
A strategy for systematically collecting, organising and interpreting mainly non-numeric information to explore qualities of something, including its meaning.
You still have to do maths.
Work with qualities, attributes, feelings, that type of thing...
When is it appropriate?
When your research question can't be answered in a positivist way. When you want the how and why. When the study context is appropriate, existing knowledge is lacking in the area, funding needs are kinda low? And other constraints.
What does it look like?
Accounts of people's experiences and perspectives
Direct quotations
Rich description
Commitment to understand
Grounded in obsservations
Style of writing is less formal (active voice, personal pronouns are permissible).
Examples of questions
How do GPs prescribe antibiotics for sore throats?
Characteristics
Naturalistic and contextual. High external validity. Naturally created environments.
Holistic. The whole person, not just individual parts... The headache "in context." The elephant... Put everyone's perspectives together? And put each person's many thoughts togehter?
Flexible, emergent and adaptive. You do not need to prepare your entire "map" all the time. If you are conducting a focus group, the discussion might go in a different way than you'd expect.
These allow us to explore the meaning and significance of human and social action.
In-depth. A small number of people, a great amount of depth to what you learn about their lives.
Subjective and interpretive.
Respectful.
Describe key concepts
Lived-experience. Not vicarious experience...
Holistic...See the other branch, I cbf.
Voice. You're kind of part of the study in a way. You are responsible for giving a voice to "silenced" participants. The research is with them rather than just about them.
Description. THICC description.
Interpretation - what's the significance of this? Oh he's blinking a lot. What does that mean? Astigmatism? Chilli sauce in his eye? Trying not to cry? Stimming? Morse code? The person's intended meaning vs. what it means in the context of society.
Subjectivity. And then make sense of it through intersubjectivity. The intersubjective space. The stuff people agree on? "Mutual
Hermeneutics. The study of interpretation. Theory that everything is a matter of interpretation. The hermeneutic circle...
A circle in which the parts of a whole interonnect.
Outer (etic) and inner (emic) perspective. IDK - Tony...
Starbucks - standardised menu. Mcdonalds - menu adapts to local culture... Non-Māori doing Māori research = etic view.
Presuppositions. What we bring with us before conducting the study. Linked with bias (but bias is throughout). Presuppositions are biases that are present before you do the study...
Avoid bias by being neutral and objective. Chance bias through awareness and motivation.
But also. Avoiding personal bias is impossible. Bias can be obscure or illuminate. Prejudice is a pre-judgement directing initial experience. Manage bias reflexively.
Reflection: double ourselves?
How do we feel about what we've learnt? I guess. How might your biases change your view?
Solicit feedback. We can't be aware of every bias even after self-reflection.
Variable studies. Analysis of multiple groups... I think. I also think all of these examples could potentially be for case studies too.
Case studies. Detailed analysis of a single case. A single case could be a person, or a group. Immerse yourself in specific environments, overcoming challenges to deepen understanding and discover perspectives you may never have thought about?
Grounded theory
Pure phenomenology. Uncover the essential meaning of people's lived experience of the phenomenon.
Qualitative description. Just get people to describe stuff.
Who did things? What happened? Where? (Kind of ignore the "why")
Interpretive description. Interpret the qualitative description. Informed questioning of key participants. Repeated cycles...
Theory that is gathered from the data. Inductive. Theoretical sampling used. Collect and analyse data at the same time. In one study you may do four interviews, analyse them, do four more, anlayse them, etc. Look at disconfirming data too.
Noumenon: that which is perceived. The outside world, the thing itself. Phenomenon: That which appears in the mind. We never know the thing in itself.
Method: describe their experience without reflecting on its meaning. Reduce the described experience to reveal the essence of its meaning. I need some proper example of this shit bc what. What ARE you?
Hermeneutic phenomenology. Purpose: From the text, reveal the hidden, existential meaning of what it is to be. What's it like to be this or that?
I'm biased, you're biased. Let's use them! Construct and grow an interpretation of what the texts mean. Draw on the perspectives and reflections of the researcher and participants.
Ethnography.
Discourse analysis = language in use.
Microscopic = words in language.
Macroscopic: Idk, the whole dictionary???