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Britain and America, ROMANTICISM, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, AGE OF…
Britain and America
GIORGE III
- reign lasted 60 years(1760-1820)
- new duties (corn, paper, tea) after 7 years' war
- after american opposition english parliament repeal
some taxes besides on tea
- 1770 american colonies would pay only local approved taxes
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THE NEW UNITED KINGDOM
- 1791 society of united Irishmen founded for creat their republic
-1798 uprising crushed by Britain troop
- Irish representatives in Westminster to prevent rebellion
- 1801 Act of Union: ireland and britain in new United Kingdom, Irish flag added to created the United Jack
WILLIAM PITT THE YOUNGER
- 1783 he became prime minister
- in office for 18 years
- promoted the Adam Smith's theory of laissez-faire illustrated in the wealth of nations 1776: free trade, economic self interest, division of labour
ROMANTICISM
VS Enlightenment
- reason and judgement VS imagination and emotion
- impersonal material VS autobiographical material
- elevated VS valued subjects and common people
- science and technology VS freedom and supernatural
Key Ideas:
- humble and everyday life themes
- melancholy for the suffering of the poor and on death
- imagination: dynamic, active, reading of nature as a system of symbols
- emotion and senses
- artist as individual creator
- irrationality, past, the mysterious and the exotic
Sublime
Edmund Burke "a philosophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful 1757"
- fear source of sublime
- terror always sublime because it arouses denger (ruling principle of the sublime)
- obscurity and mistery
- respect, reverence
- admiration
- astonishment
Nature
- opposed to reason
- a real and living being
- source of self-consciousness and sensations
- Wordsworth: joy, inspiration, moral guide
- Coleridge: universal force, God's will and love
- Byron: counterpart of the stormy feelings
- Shelley: guiding power leading man to love
- Keats: muse, benefit,
English
- influenced by French Revolution and English Industrial Revolution
- criticize social and political conditions
- individual at the centre
- poetry free from all rules
Lake Poets
- Wordsworth and Coleridge lived together in district of Great Lakes in Northwestern England
- 1798"lyrical ballads" Manifesto of English Romanticism:
preface 1800
poet linked to nature, emotions, feelings, interested in humble lives
themes: nature, memory, children
language: simple, common to liberate immagination
Second Generation
Shelley, Byron, Keats:
- death young and away from home
- political disillusionment
- individualism, escapism
Gothic Novel
- end 18th century
- gothic: medieval(12-14th century), irregular and barbarous(opposed to classicism), wild and supernatural
- terror, obscurity, uncertainty, horror, evil, atrocity, darkness atmosphere
- ancient settings (isolated castles and mysterious abbeys) and catholic countries(due to protestant prejudices)
- characters : exagerated reactions, supernatural beings, sensitive heroes, heroines (unreal terrors and persecuted by villains), satanic terrifying male characters
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AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
1) The Monarchy
- 1811-1820 the regency
- 1820-1830 prince regent become king George IV (also monarch during his father illness): trade unions and metropolitan police
- William IV 1830-1837 new political awareness
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3) The Luddites
- poverty, deteriorating working conditions, machines replacing skilled craftsmen lead to luddites riots 1811-1812 with machine breaking
- arrest without trial, forbid trade unions, silence freedom of expression
- 1819 11people killed by soldiers during a peaceful meeting in Mancherster: Peterloo Massacre