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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle,
Mitosis, and Meiosis, Cell Cycle., -Signaling…
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle,
Mitosis, and Meiosis
Mitosis:
- Cell divides to produce two new cells genetically identical to the original.
- Used for asexual reproduction of for development and growth of multicellular organism.
-Prophase:
- Sister chromatids condense.
- The mitotic spindle starts to form.
- The nuclear envelope begins to dissociate into vesicles.
-Prometaphase:
- The nuclear envelope has completely dissociated into vesicles, and the mitotic spindle is fully formed.
- Sister chromatids attach to the spindle via kinetochore microtubules.
- Nucleolus is no longer visible.
-Metaphase:
- Sister chromatid align along the metaphase plate.
-Anaphase:
- Sister chromatids separate, and individual chromosomes move toward the poles as kinetochore microtubules shorten.
- Polar microtubules lengthen and push the poles apart.
Telophase and cytokinesis:
- Chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms.
- Cytokinesis separates the mother cell into two daughter cells, which begins with a cleavage furrow in animal cells.
Meiosis:
- Sexual reproduction requires a fertilization event in which two haploid gametes unite to create a diploid cell called a zygote.
- Meiosis is the process by which haploid cells are produced from a cell that was originally diploid.
Miosis I
-Prophase 1:
- Homologous chromosomes synapse to form bivalents, and crossing over occurs.
- Chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope begins to dissociate into vesicles.
-Prometaphase 1:
- The nuclear envelope completely dissociates into vesicles, and bivalents become attached to kinetochore microtubules.
-Metaphase 1:
- Bivalents randomly align along the metaphase plate. Each pair of sister chromatids is attached to one pole.
-Telophase 1 and cytokinesis:
- The chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms. The 2 daughter cells are separated by a cleavage furrow.
-Anaphase 1:
- Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles.
Miosis II
-Prophase 2:
- Sister chromatids condense, and the spindle starts to form. The nuclear envelope begins to dissociate into vesicles.
-Prometaphase 2:
- The nuclear envelope completely dissociates into vesicles. Sister chromatids attach to the spindle via kinetochore microtubules.
-Metaphase 2:
- Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate. Each pair of sister chromatids is attached to both poles.
-Anaphase 2:
- Sister chromatids separate, and individual chromosomes move toward the poles as kinetochore microtubules shorten. Polar microtubules lengthen and push the poles apart.
-Telophase 2 and cytokinesis:
- Chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms. Cleavage furrows separate the 2 cells into 4 cells.
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-Signaling molecules can cause cell to accumulate molecular changes during G1 that Promote progression through the cell cycle.
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