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4 types of organic molecules and macromolecules, fatty acids:,…
4 types of organic molecules and macromolecules
Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
Disaccharides:
-two monosaccharides Joined by dehydration or condensation reaction.
-the bond formed is a Glycosidic bond.
-the bond can be Broken apart by hydrolysis.
Examples:
Sucrose: Glucose and fructose
Maltose: Two units of D- glucose linked together through a 1,4 glycosidic bond
Lactose: Glucose and Galactose
Monosaccharides: (Simple sugar)
Pentoses (5C) : DNA/RNA
Hexose (6C): Glucose/ Galactose/ fructose
Polysaccharides:
Many monosaccharides linked together to form
(long polymer).
Energy storage – starch (Plants), glycogen (Animals )
Structural – cellulose (plant), chitin (insects and
lobsters),
lipids ( H,C,O)
fats:
-Joined by dehydration and broken apart by hydrolysis.
-Formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids.
Waxes
Phospholipids:
-Formed from glycerol, two fatty acids and a
phosphate group.
-Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules.
-Phosphate head – polar / hydrophilic -Fatty acid tail – nonpolar / hydrophobic
Steroids:
Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms form the skeleton of all steroids.
Nucleic Acids
-Responsible for the storage, expression, and
transmission of genetic information
The bond is phosphodiester bond (sugar-phosphate backbone)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):
Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
Monomer is a nucleotide: made of phosphate group, five carbon sugar and base.
Proteins
Composed of O,H,N,C and other elements notably sulfur
Primary structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
-Building blocks of polypeptides are amino acids and the protein is one or many polypeptides.
fatty acids:
saturated
unsaturated
glycosaminoglycans (Animals ex. cartilage)
examples:
(the bond is ester bond)
-Amino acids joined by dehydration
reaction and broken down by hydrolysis.
The bond is peptide bond.
-Stores genetic information encoded in the sequence of
nucleotide monomers.
-Decodes DNA into instructions for linking together a specific
sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
