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低血鈉 hyponatremia, 血清鈉離子濃度越低，精神狀況越嚴重 - Coggle Diagram
低血鈉 hyponatremia
臨床
gastrointestinal
nausea、vomiting、anorexia、abdominal cramps
neurological
drowsy、consciousness confused、fatigue、Loss of orientation
musculoskeletal
deep tendon reflex(DTR；深部肌腱反射) diminish or convulsion、muscle cramp、hemiplegia
respiratory system
dyspnea
目標與措施
Early detection
鼓勵禁食高鈉食物
attention lithium poisoning
I/O
if IICP ：head up、semi-fowler's position
處置
體液容積正常或血容積過多
Limit fluid intake
Psychiatric symptoms
補充少量高張性鈉離子溶液，ex：NaCl 3%
血清鈉離子濃度<135mEq/L
病因
too much water intake
psychogenic polydipsia(PPD)、IVD liquids without electrolytes
Reduced water excretion
SIAD、renal failure、Nephrotic syndrome(NS)、Congestive Heart Failure (瘀血性心衰竭)、Cirrhosis
Na+ loss
vomiting、diarrhea、Hyperhidrosis、aldosterone deficiency
血清鈉離子濃度越低，精神狀況越嚴重