Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

International Security - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A pursuit which manages to bypass regular political structures
      - More than 3T USD spent on military instruments around the world, every year
    - - International security is part of the way we conceive of the modern state itself
      - Hobbesian philosophy, security organized by a state is the price we pay for leaving the state of nature
        
        However : a social legitimization of the concentration of power which was happening at that time
        
        Security organized by different states tends to clash → need for international securitization
      - Development of a science of war to link policy demands with wartime needs
        
        Fortification of borders
        
        Training and drilling of soldiers
        
        Strategic studies, which try to understand the dynamics behind conflict and world politics
  - - - Recentering security studies around humans, since some security policies can have negative impacts on individuals
      - Broadening the scope of the objects categorized as issues of security
        
        Environment
        
        Healthcare
      - Security can be understood as the result of a speech act, rather than an inherent property of an object or an actor
  - - - Development orf the army through generalization of conscription
      - Concerns with policing society
  - - - Deterrence
      - Arms concrol
      - Alliance
- - - - Establishment of an institutionalized legal authority in world politics
      - Because in order to participate in international society, all countries must be members of the UN
  - - - The case of kuwait
      - International criminal courts for Rwanda and Yugoslavia
- - - - It's hard to surgically target governments and avoid the population entirely
      - Sanctions usually create other sanctions in other countries and institutions, which end up spiraling out of control and damaging countries and their populations
      - Recent production of lists, from the 90s onward, in Haiti and Angola, then in the fight against Al-Qaeda
    - - Sanctions apply to individuals and not countries anymore
      - UNSC resolution 1390 from 2002
  - - - Members of the government
      - Non-state actors
  - - - However : not precise and bad consequences for the civilian population
      - Based on a causal logic of pain and gain, which assumes that populations under pressure will rise up against the political regime
      - Concerns from the P5 and the Red Cross
      - How to enforce humanitarian exemptions ?
        
        Exempt some specific goods from the sanctions regime
        
        Take into consideration basic needs ? In interconnected systems ?
  - - - Freezing of accounts before the wrongdoing happens
      - Are they ethical ? Legitimate ?
- - - - A position against alliances
      - In favour of collective defense
        
        When one member of the system suffers an attack, collective response
        
        Indivisibility of peace
        
        Mutual aggression is forbidden
      - Didn't work out so well (oops)
    - - Different values of security must be internalized by different countries in a system for a collective security system to function
      - Not an ideal, but a collective compromise
      - A middle point between international anarchy and global government, since there's no explicit mutual control for peace
    - - Attempts to keep countries from gaining nuclear advantages in the global stage
      - Idea that countries without nuclear tests before 1967 could not develop atomic weapons
      - Those with weapons had to promote peace and security in the world
      - Creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency to regulate the treaty and adress the regulation
        
        Conduct on-site inspections
        
        However, how independent really is the IEAE from the P5 ?
      - However, will the treaties keep existing in face of a current arms race ? A topic in the zeitgeist
      - A treaty signed in 1968, operative in 1970 and considered unlimited in 1995
  - - - Disarmament
        
        Reducing access to weapons
        
        Preventing the resurgence of armed conflict
        
        Minimalist perspective
      - Demobilization
        
        Transitioning members of armed forces and military from military to civilian life
        
        Exploring alternatives to welcome ex-fighters in civilian life
      - Reintegration
        
        Members of armed forces cut loose from those structures
        
        Full transition to societies unfamiliar to them, but transformed by conflict
        
        Maximalist perspective
    - - Part of a wider UN program on peacebuilding
      - Coordination with national authorities, or complete delegation to them
- - - - Disappearance from the global stage since the late 19th century
      - Evolved globally with the rise of conscription norms and patriotic fighting
    - - Challenges to the notion of legitimate State monopoly on the usage of force
      - Challenges to the idea that armies should fight for acceptable causes
      - Idea that mercenaries are promised material compensation in excess of what is paid to combatants of similar ranks
    - - The usage of mercenaries is included in the 1974 definition of aggression
      - Additional protocols to the Geneva Convention in the mid-1970s : the illegitimacy of mercenaries in conflicts is made explicit
        
        Mercenaries cannot be considered war prisoners
      - International convention against the recruitment, use, financing and training of mercenaries, from 1980 to 2001
  - - - Is freedom of movement meaningful in a situation where that can lead to PMSCs fighting in overseas conflicts ?
      - Are States that use mercenaries responsible for the mercenaries' actions ? Western countries refused to be held accountable
    - - Mercenaries weren't regulated well in Angola and Sierra Leone, since they were considered as part of each country's armies
      - International pressure means that a-legal norms were the ones to limit the renewal of contracts
    - - Montreux document from 2008
        
        Influence of the Swiss government and the Red Cross
        
        Reinstates the illegitimacy of mercenaries
        
        Soft law, but non-binding, more than 60 countries but not the ones that use mercenaries often
      - International code of conduct of private security providers from 2010
        
        Non-binding and aimed at private companies
        
        Illegality associated with certain kinds of actions, especially direct participation
      - Defensive exception, PMSCs can be used in cases of foreign attack
        
        PMSCs frame themselves as non-combattant actors to evade criticism
        
        However, the distinction between attack and defense can be blurry
- - - - The environment of global digital electronic telecommunications
      - The internet
      - Cybersecurity as the securitization of cyberspace, integration of this domain alongside other areas of defense
    - - Cybersecurity in authoritarian countries would have different meanings than cybersecurity in liberal democracies
      - A shared resource for communication in liberal democracies
      - A source of external threats to authoritarian countries, and a way to keep track of personal information
      - Striking similarities between the ways these two countries deal with cyberspace and security
        
        Privacy breaches
        
        Laws against certain kinds of content
        
        Deletion of content in order to stifle rebellions and stop riots
    - - Including through the intervention of private agencies
      - As a consequence of greater perception of threats
      - Object of surveillance by governments
    - - Can be made through blocks in internet content by the states concerned with that
      - Variations in terms of transparency and accountability, internet partiality
      - Involvement of private actors in politics and internet systems
    - - Critical role of internet intermediaries in limiting certain kinds of content
      - Uprising control, for instance in situations of political unrest
      - Rise of transparency reports
      - Public pressure on the private sector
  - - - A consequence of the rise in users and potential targets
      - A consequence of increases in information-sharing
      - Lack of deterrence, since crimes are global and it's easy to hide
    - - Leaks
      - Stealing of information and intelligence
      - Ransomware
      - Militant extremism
  - - - How to apply arms control to a space so volatile as the cyberspace ?
      - Heterogeneity, different characteristics in function of geographical location
- - - - Crime can also be committed by non-working classes
      - Commercial actors and members of the upper classes will maximalize speculative logics when given the opportunity
    - - Situational delinquents : crime is committed to protect an individual's interests
      - Greed-based delinquents : commit opportunistic crime in order to accumulate more profits
      - Professional delinquents : systematically crommit white-collar crime by creating businesses and organisms to divert funds, do insider trading or financially manipulate
    - - A criminal acrivity which benefits from priviledged statuses
      - Crime which is managed by administrative procedures rather than penal / violent procedures
      - White-collared crime is less socially connotated as negative
    - - Usually manages to avoid the perception of criminality through play with corporate and legal rules
      - Refers more to a certain kind of situation, than to individuals
      - Crime committed by white-collar persons outside of their occupation is not white-collar crime
    - - No evident victims, disconnect between the crime and its consequences
      - Lobbying for representing the crime as something un-criminal
      - Non-reaction to the crime by specific authorities which should be responsible
      - dissipance of guilt in the chain of command
      - Importance of companies which perpetrate the crimes to the rest of the World
  - - - Understanding of TOC began in the late 19th century
      - Until WWII : criminal activity which involved citizens from the country and foreigners
      - After WWII : transnational organized crime referred to the Mafia
        
        Criminal activity with ethnic origins outside of the US
        
        Idea of an organized crime syndicate which is structured like a company and can be supported by overworld companies
        
        Organization of this concept by different committees
        
        Kefauver Committee (1950), italo-american mafia as an external threat
        
        Johnson Committee (1967), organized crime as a society within a society which operates beyond American people and instiutions
        
        Actions as a result of intricate conspiracies
        
        Despite most of the local crime at the time being disorganized
        
        Idea of a new international threat which wasn't military or state-centric
    - - Organized criminal group shall mean a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the ain of committing one or more serious crimes or offences, in order to obtain a financial or other material benefit
      - A vague definition which comprises a wide variety of situations
      - Is not meant as an academic exploration of the topic, but as a set of guidelines for law enforcement mobilization
    - - A non-scientific concept, which contributes to opacity and faulty understanding of the concept
      - Current knowledge on the concept based on guesstimates and blurry police data which often bends to governmental agendas
      - Comparisons of TOC groups to corporations are unfounded since most criminal groups offer protection, and not worldwide trafficking services
      - Mafia financial flows are the consequence of activities where companies themselves participate
- - - - Norms restraining their usage should be developed incrementally
      - Their usage can prove beneficial in some contexts
    - - Who is to blame when autonomous weapon systems create civil casualties ?
      - Risk of loss of control
      - Difficulties in regulating algorithms when no overarching authority
      - Erosion of distinction between fighters and civilians
      - Ethical questions on life-and-death questions beyond empathy
    - - Possibility of accessing limited areas
      - Minimal civilian / ecological footprint
      - More accuracy
      - Cost-reduction
      - Less human casualties in armies and possibility of force-multiplication
  - - - Through consumption of data
      - Machine learning which scans patterns in order to define targets
    - - Human in the loop : unmanned drones and UAVs
      - Homan on the loop : limited capacity to deliver force, but autonomy to select targets
      - Fully automatic weapon systems with no human participation whatsoever
  - - - Calls for a ban at the UN
        
        Campaign to Stop Killer Robots
        
        Responsibilty in protecting civilians in war : dehumanization, profiling, responsibility and unintended consequences
      - Calls for regulatory treaties
        
        Specific restrictions of features and contexts
        
        Defining the contexts and situations when LAWSs can be deployed
        
        Argument that LAWSs are more adapted to certain situations than human soldiers and should not be banned
      - Calls for best practices
        
        Regulation should happen as LAWSs are developed, by states which create best practices
        
        A more organic way for legislation to develop in accordance with actual legislatory needs
        
        However, this approach allows LAWSs developers to evade regulations better